Essay --

Les Suffragettes taient une organisation cre pour donnent les femmes le droit de vote au Royaume-Uni. Il a commenc par Emmeline Pankhurst en 1903. Lorganisation a t cre pour faire comprendre aux gens que les droits entre les hommes et les femmes ntaient pas gaux.Avant ce mouvement den 1903, les femmes ont cr la National Union of Womens Suffrage . La National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies , qui a t fonde en 1897, a t dirige par Millicent Fawcett. Elle croyait en une campagne pacifique et lgale. Elles nont choses comme distribuer diethylstilbestrol tracts, organiser des runions, et aussi prsenter des ptitions. Cependant, cette campagne navait pas beaucoup deffet. Et cest pour cette raison que les femmes ont commenc le mouvement radical, la Womens Social and Political Union , mieux connu comme les suffragettes .Emmeline Pankhurst pense que pour le mouvement russir, elles doivent tre radicales et militant de ce quelles voulaient. Cela a caus plusieurs manifestations violentes travers le monde. Les femmes ont commenc mettre le feu aux bot...

Wernher Von Braun :: essays research papers

Wernher Von von Braun was the second of three sons born to Baron Magnus von Braun and Baroness Emmy von Quistorp. He was born on March 23, 1912 in Wirsitz, Posen. Wernher was always a visionary, and when he was ten years old he decided his goal in life would be to "help turn the wheel of time." His interests led him to do umpteen things in his early life including composing several pieces of music and recycling old automobile parts to build a new car. Because of spending so much of his time building a car, he flunked in mathematics and physics. However, it was his decision to explore rocketry that led to his great impact on history. Von Braun, at the time of 16, organized an observatory construction team. His volunteers built a complete observatory in their spare time, cyphering as diggers, bricklayers, and carpenters. In 1930, when he was 20, he enrolled at the Berlin Institute of Technology. He received his bachelors degree in mechanical engineering, and was offered a g rant to conduct and develop scientific investigations on liquid-fueled rocket engines. A some years later Wernher received his PhD in physics from the University of Berlin. In the mid 1930s, rocket clubs sprang up all over Germany. One of these clubs, the Verein fur Raumschiffarht had engineer Wernher von Braun as a member.By 1934 von Braun had a team of 80 engineers building rockets in Kummersdorf. With the launch of two rockets, Max and Moritz, in 1934, von Brauns proposal to work on a jet-assisted take-off device for heavy bombers and all-rocket fighters was granted, But Kummersdorf was too small for the work he needed to do, so a new facility had to be built. Peenemunde, on the Baltic coast, was picked as the new site. Peenemunde was large enough to launch and monitor rockets over ranges up to about 200 miles, with observing instruments, with no find of harming people and property. He was then arrested by the SS and the Gestapo for crimes against the state because he kept on t alking about building rockets which would go into orbit around the universe and perhaps go to the Moon. His crime was indulging in frivolous dreams when he should have been concentrating on building bigger rocket bombs for the Nazi war machine. after(prenominal) arriving back, von Braun immediately assembled his planning staff and asked them to decide how and to who they should surrender to.

The Bean Trees Essay -- essays research papers

The Bean TreesIn The Bean Trees there are tons of themes that add up to a well-made story. One of the more obvious themes is that of immigration and the Underground Railroad that Mattie helps run. Within the book there are to a fault several references to child abuse. Another is that of Teen pregnancy that is introduced early on. This however is not all of the themes that are used, but they are some of the more declamatory and reoccurring ones in the novel. One of the themes is teen pregnancy, it however is primarily only talked about it the first chapter. This is one of the greatest driving forces for getting Taylor out of Kentucky. Taylor starts in a society where the many of the girls in her school and town become pregnant at a young age. This all but impresses Taylor and motivates her to become someone expose than all the pregnant girls of her town. It motivates her even more when Newt Hardbine and Jolene Shanks arrive at the hospital. Newt had been shot by his father and fur thermore Jolene had also been shot at while she was carrying a baby. As this reality dawns on her it grips to her soul and immediately changes the way she views the world. This turn of events has a great impact on her future. I entail her decision to leave is sealed on that day.Soon after, Taylor pools her money together and she buys a 55 Volkswagen. After Taylor ties up a few ends at rest home she is on her way. Taylor after getting some miles und...

Treatment of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Essay -- Medic

This paper will critique a quantitative query study (Lesnecki, 2010) that examined influences of individuals that stayed seeking sermon during an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The article examined psychosocial and environmental influences that may have played a role for the close of AMI symptom onset to actually obtaining medical discussion. The look study will be reviewed looking at background, study purpose, design and methodology, data analysis, results, discussion, limitations, and applications for nursing practice. backdropLesnecki (2010) gave a brief literature review and described the magnitude of the problem with treatment delay in patients with AMI. She touched on the prevalence of treatment delay in the United States, 310,000 people a year die of coronary heart disease in an emergency department or before comer a hospital (p. 185). Other research was highlighted that linked the variables of age, gender, and race to a delay in seeking treatment when hav ing an AMI. The author discussed the importance for this type of research and emphasized to preserve heart muscle, time is crucial (p. 185). The author hoped to discover additional variables that could help nurses educate the public to seek prompt medical treatment when having AMI symptoms.PurposeThe researcher (Lesnecki, 2010) clearly stated the purpose of the study to identify cognitive, social, and emotional influences of individuals delaying treatment when having symptoms of an AMI (p. 186). Variables proposed to be related to delay in seeking treatment were closely examined and the amount of influence the variables had in relation to that decision, made by the patient, were considered. MethodDesign... ...d practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO Elsevier Saunders.Burns, N. & Groves, S. K. (2009). The practice of nursing research Appraisal, synthesis, and propagation of evidence (6th ed.). St. Louis Saunders Elsevier.Dracup, K. & Moser, D. K. (1997). Beyond sociodemographics Fa ctors influencing the decision to seek treatment for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Heart & Lung, 26(4), 253-262.du Prel, J. B., Hommel, G., Rohrig, B., & Blettner, M. (2009). Confidence interval or p-value? Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 106(19), 335-339. doi 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0335Knapp, T. R. (1998). Quantitative nursing research. pace Oaks, CA SAGE Publications.Lesnecki, L. (2010, November). Factors influencing treatment delay for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Applied Nursing Research, 23(4), 185-190. doi 10.1016/j.apnr.2008.09.004

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Essay -- Comparison Compare C

Treatwork forcet of Women in crossroads and Trifles Of all Shakespeares thirty-seven get togethers, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many raft think that it is memorable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are especially prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, especially women, is Susan Glaspells Trifles. Because Glaspells play shows women that they are certainly just as capable as men of completing any task, it encourages women to take a stand against the supposed supremacy of their husbands. It also forces men to consider more seriously the opinions and concerns of women. While Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale in Trifles do this in a quiet manner, they still remain defiant against their husbands beliefs that they are only competent enough to worry or so trifles (Glaspell 1618). Therefore, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles explore many issues that are still relevant to society today by questioning, supporting, and criticizing some of them, especially loyalty, gender roles, protecting loved ones, and deception. First, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark seriously questions the issue to which one should be loyal to ones family. It obviously holds this value as one to consider seriously because it is the issue on which the play is based, Hamlets loyalty to his father. Thus, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark asks its readers to... ...April 2004. http//www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2004-04-03-benedetto_x.htm. Cantor, Paul. Shakespeare Hamlet. Cambridge, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press, 1989. Crocker, Lisa. Studies in Liminal ity A Review of Critical Commentary on Glaspells Trifles.30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http//itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htmknotEvans, Elizabeth M. Biographical Influences on Glaspells Trifles. 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http//itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htmknot.Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. recent York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1616 -1626.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1395-1496.

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Essay -- Comparison Compare C

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeargons thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best cognise and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains immortal because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are particularly prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, oddly women, is Susan Glaspells Trifles. Because Glaspells play shows women that they are sure just as capable as men of completing any task, it encourages women to take a stand against the supposed supremacy of their husbands. It also forces men to interpret more seriously the opinions and concerns of women. Wh ile Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale in Trifles do this in a quiet manner, they still remain defiant against their husbands beliefs that they are only competent enough to worry about trifles (Glaspell 1618). Therefore, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles explore many issues that are still relevant to society today by questioning, supporting, and criticizing some of them, especially loyalty, gender roles, protecting loved ones, and deception. First, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark seriously questions the extent to which one should be loyal to ones family. It obviously holds this value as one to engage seriously because it is the issue on which the play is based, Hamlets loyalty to his father. Thus, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark asks its readers to... ...April 2004. http//www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2004-04-03-benedetto_x.htm. Cantor, Paul. Shakespeare Hamlet. Cambridge, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press, 1989. Crocker, Lisa. Studies in Liminality A redirect examination of Critical Commentary on Glaspells Trifles.30 July 1996. University of southern Florida. 28 March 2004. http//itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htmknotEvans, Elizabeth M. Biographical Influences on Glaspells Trifles. 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http//itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htmknot.Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1616 -1626.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1395-1496.

Blinded by Pride: A Study of Othello and Young Goodman Brown Essay

Pride cometh out front a fall according to the well-known biblical adage and the two characters about to be discussed each has ostentation powerful enough to have blurred their judgment. Therefore, excessive pride has caused irreparable damage, thus the fall, in each of the two title characters. The fall may have come in different forms except the emphasis is on isolation in twain cases. In Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, the main character becomes isolated from his neighbors because of his pride.His suspiciousness of everyone else has led to his downfall. Meanwhile, in William Shakespeargons Othello the main characters pride is linked to his insecurities. Othellos noble self-pride is sometimes extreme that he believes Iagos whispers about infidelity on his wife Desdemonas part. The imagined infidelity is hurtful, discriminate Othello from Desdemona. At the uniform time, it confirms Othellos belief that people consider him inferior and that nobody can truly love a Moor as glowering as he.Even other people such as the villain Iago, believes that I say, put money in thy purse. It cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor put money in thy purse (1. 3. 342-344). Excessive pride can sometimes make a person feel superior to and implike towards others. Goodman Brown believes that he is chaste and good compared to his fellowmen because of what he believes he has witnessed. Because of this vision of himself being separate from the others downfall, he regards others with distrust and disdain.After all, other people are sinners in his eyes. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man did he become from the night of that fearful dream. On the Sabbath day, when the congregation was singing a holy psalm, he could not listen because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear and drowned all the blessed assay (Hawthorne). It can be said, on the other hand, that in the case of Goodman Brown pride ha s been mixed with paranoia and hallucination that may have resulted from consorting with the Devil.Nevertheless, in consorting with the Devil, Goodman Brown has already demonstrated pride. He ideates that he can cross towards the dark side and come back into the light eachtime. In dealing with the Devil, he has rejected immortal and Faith in both its meanings his wife and his faith in God. Moreover, Goodman Brown must have thought of himself as special in order for him to think that when he has sinned, the reasons and consequences for him are different from those placed upon the others whom he has learned to be suspicious of.Being proud of oneself can sometimes be noble and right. However, this same pride can be twisted into something that dwells merely on self-preservation and suspicion. Hatred, suspicion and a diffident belief that nobody can truly love a Moor have resulted into Othellos self-destruction and his desire to destroy the one he believes do not really reciprocate hi s love. The loving words wind into calculating plans for murder, all because of the word of one person Ay let her rot, and perish, and be calm to-night for she shall not live.No, my heart is turnd to stone (4. 1. 178). He excessively displays pride by immediately accepting his rushed judgment. It seems to be an example of excessive pride for Othello to believe himself to be such a good settle of character that there is no need to investigate into the veracity of the accusation. This fast judgment may also have sprung from Othellos self-esteem. If there were mere suspicions before then Iagos accusation has actually become the validation that Othello needs in order to boost his self-esteem.He has find a companion whom he thought to be trustworthy because this other person is not afraid to tell him things that some people may be afraid to speak of with him because of his racy position. Othello may have believed that others are just afraid to offend him by not revealing to him that he is difficult to love. Then, here is Iago who talks about his wifes treachery. Though he initially seeks evidence that will prove his wifes adulterous liaison, when presented the alleged evidence from the very same accuser his intelligence has become readily made up.Since the presence of excessive pride in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown has been established, it is the time to look at the fall, or the supreme result of pride in the life of the main character. It must be recalled that his first move is to leave his wife Faith as well as his faith in God the night he decides to take a walk in the woods. As nearly as could be discerned, the second traveller was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, though possibly more in expression than features (Hawthorne).This resemblance may be a sign that deep within Goodman Browns pious surface, there is a person who longs to venture into the dark side. It can also mean that the Devil is flattering him in order for him to succumb further into temptation. And so he does, but not in a way that is clear to him. He thinks that he has escaped evil because the Devil has let him see evil everywhere and in everyone, and he has not, from what he can remember, joined their coven. elders of the church have whispered wanton words to the young maids of their households how many a adult female, eager for widows weeds, has given her maintain a drink at bedtime and let him sleep his last sleep in her bosom how beardless youths have made haste to inherit their fathers riches and how fair damsels have dug little graves in the garden, and bidden me, the sole guest to an infants funeral (Hawthorne). Goodman Brown has no idea that the Devil has bemire his thoughts and has destroyed his faith by giving him a corrupted view of the world.He can no longer see goodness in any person and has thus lost contact with everyone else. Goodman Brown perceives even the most devout actions as mere pretense and at worse, blasphemy, performed in order to robe sin and evil. Because of this distress, he even doubts his own memories from the forest. However, unlike Kaye in the Snow Queen who in the end loses the splinter from his eye, the perception of evil has become overly strong for Goodman Brown that it has affected his relationships with everyone. When he finally dies, they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone, for his dying hour was gloom (Hawthorne).For Othello, his fall is more tragic. It is quite unlike the quiet destruction of Goodman Browns soul. Because of excessive pride, the Moor has murdered his own wife. Instead of humbling himself and not minding the possibility of being a laughingstock and a cuckold, he should have confronted his wife directly about the matter and believed what she has to say. The marriage can still be saved but his maimed ego cannot. It is this egos demands that he has listened to along with the slander ous lies uttered by Iago, who only seeks to destroy Othello for promoting someone else not him.Meanwhile, Othello does not know that his animosity and murderous energy have been directed wrongfully. If only he has known that it is Iago who is a villainous, two-faced liar. If only he has realized this and the fact that his wife is barren early enough to save both him and his wife from the tragedy that ultimately strikes them. It is too late when he finally confronts Cassio, his wifes suspected devotee O the pernicious caitiff How came you, Cassio, by that handkerchief that was my wifes (5. 2. 323-324)? The man in question has finally had the chance to explain why such evidence exists in his hands.Finally, Othello discovers his folly and how he threw a pearl away richer than all his tribe (5. 2. 352). The Moor realizes that he has thrown away a woman who loves him truly, but whose love he is suspicious of and is therefore not worthy of. In the two texts, excessive pride is shown to be an evil in itself. sooner Goodman Brown has taken a walk with the Devil he must have been a proud man already. This is the weakness that the Devil is able to diagnose and play with. This ends up into a lonely life and death for the title character.In Shakespeares Othello, excessive pride prevents the main character from thinking clearly, exploring the occurrence and saving his and Desdemonas life from the violent end they have suffered. If the moral of Young Goodman Brown is to see your own faults and weaknesses before condemning others, Othello reminds the readers of the value of lay aside the ego in order to make the right decisions. Moreover, if Goodman Brown and Othello have not isolated themselves from others, they may have seen the truth and see with the lies.

Fences Research

The Impact of Physical and Psychological Boundaries in August Wilsons Fences The early 1950s was a time of extensive importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for total darknesss and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the take to the woods Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict male parent. For a short period of time, before moving back to his old neighborhood, Wilson lived in a in the first place white neighborhood where he experienced the feeling of being on the outside. When he was in the ninth grade he had a teacher that believed thither was no way he could have written an intelligent, twenty page research paper on Napoleon Bonaparte, so she accused him of plagiarism. This incident pushed Wilson to pour forth out of high school and teach himself. From that point on, he began educating himself by reading th rough the section of black authors in the local library. Wilson had strong views and opinions some the rights of African Americans.So much so, that he wrote quite a few plays concerning this major part of history. (1024) In Wilsons play, Fences, how does he use psychological and physical boundaries to exhibit the emotional separations among his characters? Baseball becomes the most prominent image in Wilsons play. troy Maxson, the protagonist of the play, spent many years learning and performing this game. Sheri Metzger, the author of An Essay on Fences, believes that Baseball defines troy weight Maxsons life and provides the measure of his success. (1) As we already know, in his prime, Troy was a great baseball player and he strongly believed that he was not given the opportunity to play in the major leagues because of the color of his skin. He unalterablely compared himself to the ball players that do it to the major leagues, such as Hank Aaron, saying I can hit forty-three home runs right now (1048) This not only represents the fence that restricts the achievements of blacks and their constant struggle in a white society, but also Troys psychological boundaries between himself and mainstream America.On a first analysis of the physical saltation that exists between gravel and son, Troy and Cory, we must look at their relationship. Their bond was typical of any teenage boy and his father they generally got along. The boundary comes up in the play when Cory asks Troy to sign the papers that would allow him to go to college on a football scholarship. But when Troy refuses, claiming that the colored guy got to be twice as good as the white player before he get on the team, (1047) the boundary becomes very real.He also notes that even if they do let black players on the team, They sit on the bench and dont get used. (1047) Troy is still so angry over what he deliberates as his birth lost opportunities with baseball and the in besidesice of it all that he cant take any pleasure in the fact that his stimulate son is getting a once in a lifetime opportunity to play football in college, for free He is still stuck in the past where he was refused a chance to play professional baseball. He is bitter because deep down he is afraid that his son will go on to be more successful than he ever was.The scene where Cory comes at his father with a baseball bat illustrates quite a different image of the traditionalistic father-and-son backyard baseball game we see in movies or books. This shows the huge gap in their relationship and Troys need for control. According to Gerald Weales, the author of fall over of Fences in the Commonweal, Troy not signing the papers for Cory was a destructive act that lead to this final confrontation between the two. (1) Troy feels the need to limit Cory within his authority, but Cory hates being stuck behind the fences his father has send up so he escapes, leaving his family behind.Yet, when Cory returns, we find that in his attempt to free himself he has become bound within the confines of a far more strict institution the Marine Corps. Metzger argues that Cory finally escaped his fathers authority, just to be placed under the authority of people far more strict and controlling. (3) Another physical boundary exists between husband and wife, Troy and Rose. At the beginning of the play, Troy is building a fence for Rose although he sees absolutely no use for it.Because shes so focused on holding all the people she loves safe and inside its walls, Rose is completely oblivious(predicate) that the fence is actually pushing her loved ones away. Since spending time in prison, Troy views fences as restrictions or limitations, so he is in no hurry to build Roses fence. But as the play goes on we see that after eighteen years of marriage, Troy feels confined by the responsibility and loyalty that come with it and needs to break out of those constraints. He wants so hard to be free from th e ties of marriage that he has an affair with another woman, Alberta.Although, in his mind he stone-broke free of those marital boundaries, realistically, he just put up yet another fence. Rose later finds out about this affair and then Troy tells her that Alberta died while giving birth to their daughter, Raynell. Troy, being the lumpish man he is, begs Rose to take care of his illegitimate daughter. And Rose, being the kind woman she is, agrees to raise the child because she knows that Raynell is an innocent child who was simply innate(p) into a bad situation. Rose tells Troy, Raynell will have a mother, but he will be a womanless man for the rest of his life. (1071) Later, after Albertas death, Troy finally completes the fence. But rather than finishing it for Rose, as originally intended, he does it for his own reasons of keeping out danger and death. Meanwhile, Rose is still detain with the responsibilities and pressures that life brings. But towards the end of the play we s ee that she escapes Troys fence, only to exchange it for one established by the church. According to Metzger, Religion provides its own fences and restraints, and for Rose, who decided to stay with Troy, the church offers a haven within its institutionalized walls. (1040) Rose willingly puts herself behind a fence that is a little more bearable, saying, Jesus builds a fence around me every day. (1040) There are also some psychological fences in this play that Troy has absolutely no control over. The mental hospital where Troy confines Gabriel offers one example of that kind of fence. Gabe, who suffered permanent brain damage as a result of injuries he received while serving in World War II, now thinks of himself as an angel. Although Troy views this fence as something thats irritating and in his way, Gabe, unaware of all of this, continues on in his childlike innocence.Troy has a guilty conscience because he institutionalized Gabe and then used his disability money to pay for the hold that he now lives in. This incident further breaks down the relationship between Troy and Cory because when he finds out what his father has done, Cory treats him with open disrespect and tells him that he no longer counts. Once again, we see that Gabe simply isnt aware of these things, therefore hes unaffected by these events that dramatically change the others lives. Gabes industry shows hope for the future. According to Joseph H.Wressling, the author of Wilsons Fences, Gabe, just like Rose, illustrates unconditional love. (3) Now that Cory and Troys relationship has no chance of any reconciliation, Cory leaves and Troy loses any hope of ever seeing his son again before he dies. Cory doesnt return again until the day of his fathers funeral when he finally meets his sister, Raynell. Cory, still remembering the broken relationship with his father, did not want to attend the funeral. But Rose convinced him to go and pay his respects to his father because he never meant any har m. Troy had always said that he had given his children everything he could.Cory didnt always agree with his father, but he overcame that and broke down a barrier and finally forgave his father. Before the funeral Troys simpleminded brother Gabe, with his trumpet, came to blow open the gates of Heaven for Troys arrival. His attempts at blowing his trumpet failed because there was no mouthpiece on it. But Gabe, in his childlike innocence improvises. He begins to dance about and sing to the Heavens for his brother. done for(p) with his dance and satisfied that the gates of Heaven are open and ready for Troy, Gabe says, Thats the way that go (1083).Wilson uses many of his characters and their relationships to show their physical and psychological separations between each other and the world. By the end of Fences, all of Wilsons characters are bound by a fence of some sort. Although Raynell stands behind the fence that her father finally finished, she is expected to go far beyond that boundary and strive for a better future than her father and everyone else. She shows that there is hope for the future. Works Cited 1. Metzger, Sheri. An hear on Fences. Drama for Students. Detroit Gale. From Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. 2. Schakel, Peter J. and Jack Ridl. August Wilsons Fences A Form in Depth. Approaching Literature Writing indicant Thinking. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. 1024-083. Print. 3. Weales, Gerald. Review of Fences in the Commonweal, Volume CXIV, no. 10, May 22, 1987, pp. 320-21. Drama for Students. Ed. David M. Galens. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale, 1998. From Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Nov. 2010. 4. Wessling, Joseph H. Wilsons Fences. Explicator 57. 2 (Winter 1999) 123-127. Rpt. In Contemporary literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 222. Detroit Gale, 2006. From Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Nov. 2010.

Analysis Aqualisa Quartz Essay

Every company dreams that one day they base bring nearlything unique and very competitive, and aim it to surmount the food grocery place. But things might not be as lax as they thought. In Aqualisa case, Harry Rawlinson, managing director of Aqualisa, gives us an example that even with new meaning(a) exhibitioner stall harvest-home Quartz, which seems to be perfect in every aspect, they cannot pay a relative progress in U.K. shower market. Quartz is designed to pull in all the troubles that exist in U.K. showers. It provides efficient and reliable water pressure and temperature, needs less space in bathroom, has a stylish looking and is easy to use and install. Although Quartz leaps all other showers, the initial sales results turned to be gloomy, as Rawlinson said For some reason, it simply wasnt selling.To proclaim these reasons, we provide first look at the general shower market status, and then we will analysis two main factors that cause Quart breach in initial Sales Quart itself and pipe fitter. Finally, we will examine Aqualisas marketing strategy and find out what is the right thing to do.Shower market in U.K. The U.K. shower market has 3 distribution channels, 3 buyer segments, and 2 Special roles Plumber and Developer. To give a brief summary, we will use some charts to demonstrate characteristics of these elements, and use it for latter discussions.As we can see, Quartz has 61% in Rate of harvestion (manufacturer) and 47% in Rate of return (retailer), which is not the highest among other products. And we notice that Aquavalve Value, which is in value segment, and Aquaforce 1. 0/1. 5 Bar, which is in Standard segment, have higher Rate of return, but these product change well in lower segments. Thus Quartz cannot be blamed for over expenditure, at least it was no more expensive than Aqualisas other product. Besides, if we trade the installation represent that saved by Quartz (2 days to half day, with 40-80/hour), Quartz is even c heaper.So either the price was not the reason, or the price was misunderstood. Consumer could be blinded by Quartzs high retail price and ignore its relatively high produce cost. Besides, Aqualisa was generally recognized as having top quality showers, a insurance allowance brand, and great service, that reputation could sacrifice consumers form the idea that Quartz is just another premium product which is not cost-effective. This misjudgment of Quartzs value is the true reason that Quartz was not accepted in lower market. Thus lower Quartzs price would have less result if the misconception remains unchanged.To solve this problem, Aqualisa need more effort to spread the idea that Quartz is economical and practical. Quartzs former advertisement plan shows most of its progressiveness, alike the picture in Exhibit-9, they list all the priorities, make it even more like a premium product. They need to give some economy features such as the cost of installation, the durability of Qua rtzs parts, Quartzs life time budget etc, and compare Quartzs features with traditional showers, to remind consumers that Quartz values for their money.Plumber, Friend or Foe? Plumber is an important role in shower market. Exhibit-4 shows that about 73% shower selection are influenced by Plumbers. Yet Plumbers are wary of innovation, particularly any innovation involving electronics, AKA Quartz. The negative impact of Plumbers attitude is obvious, and even Aqualisa calling face-to-face introduce and explain the new product to their very loyal plumbers, nothing changed in short term. Rawlinson was so desperate to plumbers that he thought about abandon plumbers and target consumers directly.Considering the plumbers high clout in current market share, and Aqualisa already have high market share (70%) in Do-It-Yourself Sheds which target consumer directly, give up plumbers would be ineffective and useless. Rather than evade the issue, lets face it straight why Plumbers oppose Quartz and how to change it. The main reason that plumbers reject innovation derived from risk aversion. Because unfamiliar products could present unk todayn performance problems, which will make plumbers reconcile money and time to adjust. Former failure case like push-button controls in 1980s had Strengthened plumbers stubborn.But Quartz has no substantive contradiction with plumbers, on the contrary, its easy to install and operate that could give plumbers substantial benefits. As a matter of fact, Plumbers who puts one in, becomes convert. Thus Plumbers prejudice will disappear by time. By saying Adoption is a long, slow process Pestell, Aqualisa national sales manager, did not realize that they do have some ways to speed up the process. In fact, it seems that Aqualisa did not consider plumbers as a distinct important part in their sales. They barely treat plumbers like consumers or retailers, told plumbers how excellent or advanced Quartz is.But what they should do is telling how good Quartz will do to the plumbers themselves. They could show plumbers the contradistinctions in pose Quartz and traditional showers, and emphasize that Quartz will make their daily two days work to half day, reduce both their work flashiness and work time. With this advantage, plumbers can do more jobs and be better off in more income. Aqualisa can also give more samples to plumbers or repair non-loyal plumbers to install Quartz to clear former haze of electronics. With focused promotion plan, Aqualisa will make plumbers realize Quartz is favorable, and turn them into steady alliance.Strategy, Breakthrough or Mark time? Aqualisas former strategy is Steady and comprehensive. They joined every segments of market and provided their products in all distribution channels. Their current core product is Aquavalve 609, and they had been in the upper level in the market share (number two in mixing valves and number three in the overall UK shower market), only surpass by Triton and Mira (Exh ibit-2). When Quartz joins the family, it did not have a clear position among other siblings. Actually, Aqualisa showed no clear expectations in Quartzs performance.They just spread it to whole market and hope it can dominate. This pointless strategy makes them unconscious to the market response thus they make no effective action when sales encountered difficulties. Even if their final target is the whole market, they could build milestones and interim objectives like enter the high-end market then exit to lower market or simplify the product to catch the lower market with low price then release advance model to premium user. Either way, the company should have a more specific positioning and targeting plan to meet the companys expectation.Despite the former marketing strategy, Aqualisa now need to decide their next move. Rawlinson showed his trepidation that Aqualisa, which is paying with its current products, may not be willing to take the risk of promoting Quartz. The risk come s from two sides first, the evolution of Quartz has already spent 5. 8 million and three years times, further promotion could cost 3-4 million more. Its hard to stay profitable with this huge investment. Second, the Quartz has competition effect with companys Cash Cow product Aquavalve, which also put companys stable market share and benefit in uncertainty.The risk of launching new products is inevitable, but is it possible that Aqualisa can sit back, relax and enjoy its current benefit? As we learn from Exhibit-2 (U. K. Market Share Data 2000), Aqualisa, had 18. 1% market share in total units sold, fleck Triton and Mira were 30. 3% and 21. 7%. In the galvanizing Showers category, which Aqualisa sold most, the market share was 16. 9% while Triton had 43. 5%. And in Mixer showers category, where core product Aquavalve 609 rest, the market share was 20. 8% while Mira had 36. 4%. With these figure, we cannot say Aqualisa is in a safe place.They did not have domination in any part of the market, and there were significant gap mingled with Aqualisa and market leader. With more than one competitor, Aqualisa could easily be replaced and fall into masses. At this situation, even promoting new product could cost a fortune, Aqualisa still need a breakthrough and Quartz is just what the company need. On the other hand, the existing market structure gives Quartz sufficient space to outspread. If Quartz is good abounding to assault Aquavalve 609s sale, it could also shake the leader position of Triton and Miras products.If Quartz is, as Rawlinson said, first significant product innovation in the U. K. shower market since forever, it will beat down others companys products and increase Aqualisas market share, and not only in U. K. market, it can move forward to European markets or global markets, then the current promotion cost would be unremarkable. But if Aqualisa give up Quartz, the opportunity cost would be too big to accept. Rawlinsons worry will become true In fi ve years time, someone else will have got the mankind market for this technology.Then the Aqualisas experiences would be competitors field test and its former investment would contribute to others benefit. Conclusion People unremarkably consider that finding the goose is the hard part, but in fact, make the goose laid golden eggs is also not easy. Aqualisa holds its goose named Quartz, and shows us such an example. This case also told us its not only about what we have, its more about how to connect everything together, including product (Quartz), customer, collaborator (plumber), market, make right decisions and build relationships.

Factors affecting participation in certain sports Essay

Peer groupYour peers ar the good deal you mix with who need similar interests and backgrounds and ar roughly your age. Your peer group has a big check on the way you behave and the things that you do. This is non always expressed words. If you wear the wrong clothes or do the wrong things you can genuinely rapidly feel left out. If you peers approve of an military action, you will feel encouraged to do it. Sadly, peer-group pressure can also force concourse to give up sports veritable(a) though they venerate them.FamilyYour family can have a similar effect on you as your friends can. We pick up many of our habits and values from home. If your family enjoys sport and gives you the opportunities to participate, indeed it is likely that you will. Most new-madeish people depend upon parents and family for kit and help with travel to sports events. The opposite is again true. If your Family has a negative attitude to physical activeness it is likely you will to.GenderThere is a mistaken believe held by some people that sports is a mans world. There sure viewm to be few barriers put up to prevent men from participating in physical activity. Far more(prenominal) men Participate in physical activity than women.RacePeople from minority ethic groups can be discriminated against when it comes to physical activity. Many people have the mistaken belief that they are physiologically different because they are a different colour, and this means they will be good at some activities and not others. For example some people believe that all black people are fast runners and they can not swim very well. This belief could be the reason why we see so many black runners and so very little black swimmers.Socio-EconomicThe activity you participate in may be determined to a pear-shaped extent by what you can afford. Activities like sailing, golf and riding can be very expensive so many people from lower socio-economic groups are excluded from them. There are also man y activities that cost very little. A kick around in the park with a group of friends, for example, and sport at educate are mostly free. Unemployed people are in a difficult situation plenty of time to fill but not much money. To encourage them, sports facilities often charge less, especially at quiet times of the day.AgeYoung people are encouraged to participate at school and have plenty of free time to take up sport. It also depends on the activity. To be a good gymnast you need to be young and flexible. Today, how ever, with computer technology not all youngsters want to spend their free time playing sports and not all sports are open to very young people. People tend to take part less in physical recreation as they get honest-to-goodness as they often have more responsibilities and less free time to spend on sport. Stereotyping can mean that older people are discouraged from being physically active. just about older people stereotype themselves and believe that they are too old to take part in physically activity. However, there are many sports that you can enjoy into your old age. All you need is motivation to do it, the right facilities and no barriers to prevent you.DisabilityA disability may restrict your activities and other peoples prejudice can be a barrier to your amour. But disabled sport has received a much higher profile since the Paralympics games in Sydney, and the efforts of disabled athletes like Tanni Grey-Thompson have provided disabled people with excellent role models. Many sports have charged their rules to suit the needs of disabled people and have set up coaching and competitions for them. Facilities must now include ramps and lifts and special changing rooms so that disabled people can have replete access.AccessIf there is a sports facility near where you live, and there is a good road system and public transport in place, then get there is made easy. However, many people do not live within easy reach of sports facilities, an d the public transport system is poor, so participation is made more difficult.Popularity, Promotion and Role modelsParticipation in many sports varies. Because of media coverage during Wimbledon fortnight, tennis courts across the country are heavily used as seeing role models perform on TV encourages people to play the sport themselves. Not all sports attract media attention, however, and not all media coverage is positive. Some sports have increased in popularity by operating national schemes. Basketball, for example, is much more popular since the Basketball Outdoors Initiative of the 1990s. Thousands of free facilities began to appear in parks and school playgrounds across the country encouraging more people to play.Environment and climateParticipation in some activities also depends upon the environment and climate. It is very hard to become a top skier if you live in a very hot country and, if you want to practise mountaineering and you live in Holland, you have got to travel . So it is not hard to understand why countries like Switzerland and Canada produce very good skiers. Britain is traditionally good at sailing because it is an island and adjoin by water,Tradition and CultureTradition and Culture also affect participation. For examples some cultures disapprove of women taking part in physical recreation in public or in mixed company. This is one reason why many sports centres operate women only sessions. Most sports (like rugby) have had a tradition of being male only. Women have had to work hard to be allowed to participate.EducationYour education has a big effect on your attitude to sport physical recreation. If your school is keen on sport you will be encouraged to participate and if you enjoy it, you are likely to continue after you leave. The opposite is also true, however, for those who despise PE. It is know that there is a drop in participation at the age of 16 when youngsters leave school. This is know as the post school suspension and i s perhaps caused by the desire to leave all school based activities behind you when you leave. Thankfully, many young people then see the benefits of physical activity and return to it later on in life.PoliticsThe extent to which people take part in a physical activity also depends on their politicians. All governments get involved in sport for one reason or another. For example, facilities cost so much to build that the government usually has to hire at least something towards them. A government may promote sport for all in an attempt to cut the cost of the health service or cut crime. It may promote excellence in sport so as to bring a sense of pride to the country and raise its standing(a) in the outside world.SponsorshipSponsorship also has an effect on participation, as it is this that brings money into sport. Even local level, small businesses often sponsor teams and help them financially, allowing people to play. How ever sponsors can decide to pull out of the deal very easi ly and leaves the team needing to find another one or stop playing.

How can I as a nurse change the public health system?

The wellnessc be arranging is composed of different individuals who are aiming to provide quality health dispense services to achieve optimum health among their patients. One of which are nurses. It is said that the role of the nurses are very important in the health care delivery as they are the ones who are directly involved in the care of the patients. The core services of the nurses include health promotion, health protection and illness streak (Backe, 1996). However, in this contemporary world, the role of the nurses are not only when limited in the caring of the patients, but also in changing the ordinary health schema to ensure that they provide quality and standard health care services among people.Accordingly, the national health is the core of a quality heath care system and is considered as the most cost-efficient method for the prevention of disease and improvement of health (Avila & Smith, 2003). The public health is also known as the first line of defense of the nation as their response to the little terror of bioterrorism and in line with disaster preparedness.With years of negligence and erosion in financial budget, the capability of the public health system has been compromised in perform their core functions effectively. In this regard, such issue has become critical in sustaining a long-term stable funding source for the health of the public. With the continuous threats of bioterrorism, pandemic flu, and natural disasters it is important that public health system must be improved to cope with these challenges.As a nurse, I can regularise that I also halt the capability of changing the public health system in various ways. One of these is by being more observant to what is fortuity around me. Being a nurse, my responsibility should not be bounded by merely practicing all the things that I have learned from the books and from the years of studies at nursing school. In order to make changes in the public health system, I must become more observant to my environment specifically in terms of knowing what policies provided by healthcare authorities are still suitable for the current trends in delivering quality healthcare services and which policies should be modified or revised to meet the changing needs of the people.In addition, I can say that as a nurse, I can change the public health system by knowing directly from the people what they need and coordinating it with the proper authorities for them to make changes and improvement to meet the needs of the public. In addition, I can also help by providing assistance in assessing the needs of the public and helps in providing effective intervention programs. Through my sufficient familiarity and skills not only with hands on activities but also in research and development since evidence are necessary in planning and execution of appropriate public health system, especially in the remote and sub-urban communities.I can also say that as a nurse, I also have the a bility to change the public health system and provide significant impact in terms of improving the public health through two the population-based health approaches, evidenced-based health strategies and interventions with individuals and families. Recent studies have shown that the crucial role of nurses play in the enhancement of evidenced-based nursing practice and their influence on the public health system (Manley & Webster, 2006).Furthermore, I can also say that I can help in changing the public health system by my distinctive knowledge based on my experience as a public nurse. As strategists, clinical experts as well as collaborators, I can say that I also have the unique ability to interpret the essentialities of health and illness contexts so as to advocate families, populations and clients to healthcare planners and policy making boles at all public levels of the healthcare system.Since I have worked in various roles within a wide spectrum of the public health system in various work environment and settings, I can say that I have enough information on what the public health system should be improved and enhanced (HRSA, 2005).Through my nursing practice expertise, I can also become an prick to enable the public health endorsement to identify which intervention strategies is suitable for a specific need of the people as well as to help in overcoming the problems and issues faced by the public health system in order to continuously provide quality health care to the patients, especially in the rural communities.All in all, I can say that my role as a nurse is not only limited to the clinical practice and expertise. My role is to become an effective instrument of bridging the long distance between the people and the authorities who are trying to safeguard their health and help them in preventing diseases that would threaten them for having quality health care living.ReferenceAvila, M. and Smith, K (2003). The reinvigoration of public health nursing m ethods and innovations. Journal of Public Health Management Practice 9(1) 16-24.Backe, H. (1996) Public Health Nursing Services in Rural and Northern Regional HealthAuthorities Policy Options for Boards. Unpublished Paper. Winnipeg.Heath Resources and Services Administration. (2005). Public health workforce study. Bureau of Health Professions Rockville, Maryland.Manley, K. & Webster, J. (2006). fucking we keep quality care alive? Nursing Standard 21(3) 12-15.

Othello Appeal To A Twenty First Century Audience

In my opinion Othello appeals to a twenty-first century earreach due to his musical compositions such as jealousy, deception, racism, manipulation, love and corrupt civilisation which is still relevant in todays society. These themes are themes that are timeless which seek human nature which is unchanging which still develop and evolve around us. The twenty first century audience would find Othello appealing as the master(prenominal) themes such as racism, jealousy and manipulation are still very prevalent in todays society.The main theme in the rime which we can still relate to centurys later is the theme of love, which is very prominent in Othello. Love makes the play ageless as yen as there are people on the earth love will always be surrounding us. Othello and Desdemona surrendered everything they had to be together. This resembles they modern day butterfly novel, play or movie. They did this even though they were aware it might result in serious conflict. Othello bids fare well the plumed troops and the big wars that make rivalry virtueO, Farwell, Farwell the neighing steed and shrill trump, the spirit stirring drum, their piercing fife, the royal banner, and all quality, pride, pomp, and circumstances of glorious war He tells us he won Desdemona non by magic but by telling her of his battles. Therefore Othello affirms his triumphant success on love by his successful career as a soldier. In todays society men look for success in a career and for a loving wife and this is what Othello achieves with Desdemona. A theme which is also very relevant in todays society is one of racism.Othello suffered from this greatly in the play. Just as Othello suffered from this it has carried on through the years, up until 1968 when the black community were finally given rights. Othello was constantly referred to as the moor and thick lips. As this happens it shows a hypocritical society as they would have them shelter their country but would find it shameful that h e married Desdemona. Many felt this way when the first black president of the United States was elected. Iago supposedly Othellos close friend tells brabantio that youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse.He then paints Othello as a crude and animalistic being and insinuates that he is sexually corrupting his daughter the innocent Desdemona. As the play goes on iago continues to go on about the unnatural nature of the relationship between Desdemona and Othello. He tells roderigo the craving between them will not last long It cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the moor put money in thy purse- nor he his to her. This is a recurring situation today. Our two races are being separated by what each fears of the other.

Agora Swot Anlysis Competitive Advantage

agora the brand name of Rahimafrooz Group is the first super shop chain in our country launched in 2000. The mission was to fulfill the effort little shopping needs of the urban peoples through fair price, right assortment, and best role. The success was immediate as there was a demand for such furrow in the local market. And over time the emergence of outlets increased and currently there are nine outlets at Dhaka and one outlet in Chittagong. Many people thought that the name of the company is agora. But actu in tout ensembley, Agora is just the brand name.Agora is a Greek word, which means a grocery store where the people would meet together and talk. Company thought the environment at Agora should be nice and clean so that people will not only shop there but also want to stay and meet with other peoples there. And so they named the shops Agora. Their logo has a really interesting appeal and it contains the benefits being offered to the customers. The name is written in green color which is the color of freshness. A woman presumably a homemaker has happily finished all her shopping from under one roof is seen too. The statement says everyday quality shopping.It is very well thought out and gives a summary of what Agora is all about. SWOT Analysis of Agora A SWOT analysis of Rahimafrooz Superstores Limited will show the internal and external factors. Some of these factors affect positively firearm some of them effects negatively. Important decisions can be taken after SWOT analysis. Strengths 1. Established brand name. 2. Pioneer in the industry. 3. Concerned about quality factor than other super shop (Competitive advantage). 4. It is the largest retailer, both by local sales and by domestic market share. 5. Experienced top level management. 6. total product range. 7. Quicker and accurate costing process. 8. Effective and reliable supply chain. 9. Successful implementation of SAP (Standard Application Software) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) th e modules are Financial and Controlling, stuff and nonsense Management and Selling and Distribution. 10. Effective training modules for employees, suppliers. 11. Agora is committed to sustaining and growing as the most trusted, loved and frequented retail chain 12. Agora believes in providing very good gain to its consumers. 13. The techno system of logical development is very frequent. Weaknesses 1.High price of products. 2. Poor financial position. 3. Less number of shops. 4. No or very less advertising. 5. Lower amount of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities. 6. In the mid-2000 Agora faced many cost problems associated with not properly integrating its purchased chains of store. 7. Still need of competitive strength. Mainly in placement. 8. Supply and distribution of foreign products are very poor and so people cant get unparalleled foreign products in Agora but can be found in other mega shops like Meena Bazar, Lavender etc. 9. Customer Service engineering scien ce is less attractive . 10.Market development in other cities is relatively poor as only Chittagong has Agora outlet. 11. Poor reliability of data, and plan predictability. 12. reverberation management corpse relatively poorer than competitors. 13. Sometimes they gave offer to capture the General Customer bt they cant do that for their Bad system or service. 14. Struggles with preparing budget which was not very effective and management wants budget that would give burst results. Opportunities 1. Providing sponsorship to emerging agricultural business. Ex strawberry was grown in Panchagar and Agora took all the obligation for sales and it made a profit. . The largest retailer in Dhaka leaving behind PQS, Meena Bazar, Nandan Mega Shop, Pacific, Pick and Pay, Etc, Shop & Save, Lavender and others. 3. They created a life style trends by offering various types of products to its customers while maintaining high quality. 4. Big growth in developing market with nine outlets in Dhaka a nd one in Chittagong 5. unsanded USP (Unique Selling Process) is the care for the quality has given Agora a big competitive advantage. 6. Agora conducts research and modifies their strategy according to the actions of competitors. 7.Agora provides product and service according to the seasonal, weather and fashion influences. For example, they provide chemical less fruits packages for summer season, provides instant made hygienic Pitha in winter and also provides CP chicken inside(a) Agora as its been a trend now a days. 8. Recently bought PQS, one of its competitors to capture the customers those are interested to buy products from their nearest place. 9. Agora now comes together with bKash with a state-of-the-art payment platform that allows transactions via mobile phones, such that customers will not need cash or quotation cards for payment at Agora points of sales. 0. Agora constantly launches attractive promotions like Bazimat, Value Week or Super Value Offer or Diamond Ring Offer. And a regular discount and points system attracts the customers to be more loyal. 11. With the SAP software system, there would be the capacity to enter newer products in the system. This would enable Rahimafrooz Superstores to increase their product line, which they have wanted to do for a long time, because they were losing customers to their competitors and other big shops. Threats 1. Fierce and unhealthy competition. 2. Threat of new competitors. 3. surprisingly some popular local products and new products to arrive in the market, both foreign and local were not available. 4. Political instability in the country (continuous hartals). 5. In the recent years Agora had to be careful about delivering formalin free fresh food from the suppliers. 6. Many online stores are now entering the market. 7. As agora is primarily concentrated on food, it can be easily effected by the seasons and weather within the country. 8. Is faced with the need to increase the number of outlets thro ughout the country. 9. Agora must integrate more products according to the needs of its increasing number of onsumers keeping in mind their changes of lifestyle and preferences. 10. The competitors have responded to encompassing range of products and lower price. 11. Counters are not sufficient in shops so huge line occurs in the pick hours. 12. Some competitors are now in the market with more advanced Information Technology. 13. Agora cant fulfill the demand of foreign and unique vegetables for the customers. 14. No home delivery system for loyal customers. Competitive Advantage The relationship between a firms environmental opportunities and threats on the one hand, and its internal strengths and weaknesses on the other is the competitive advantage.This traditional logic suggests that if Agora use their internal strengths in exploiting environmental opportunities and neutralizing environmental threats, while avoiding internal weaknesses, are more likely to gain competitive advant ages than other kinds of firms. Agora super shop has one main competitive advantage. It is explained bellow Agora was the first ever chain shop in the country which seceded in ever-changing the peoples behavior towards the traditional shopping experience. Being the pioneer in its field, it has the trust and loyalty of its early consumers. It also has more experience in the field than its competitors.It has a strong brand image and therefore can charge high price from the consumers in exchange of better quality products and better shopping environment. Agora on the other hand is constantly advocating about quality. The subtitle for Agora is Enriching Lives with Your Trust. The reason for asking a little higher price from the customer is the quality factor, which they are so concerned about. We think this care for the quality has given Agora a big competitive advantage. This is reasonably a unique selling approach taken by Agora. Bibliography 1. SAP AG To manage business operations and customer relations.Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SAP_AG 2. About Rahimafrooz aspirations, vision, values, quality policy. Retrieved from http//www. rahimafrooz. com/tabid/65/Default. aspx 3. Agora Supermarket Chain & Superstore in Bangladesh. Retrieved from http//www. reportbd. com/articles/149/1/AgoraSupermarket-Chain-amp-Superstore-in-Bangladesh/Page1. html 4. A report of agora. bd Rahimafrooz Superstores Ltd. Retrieved from http//bdmoneyidea. wordpress. com/2010/08/04/a-report-of-agora-bd-rahimafrooz-superstores-ltd-created-by-bubt-student-part-01/ 5.Agora BD super shop. Retrieved from Online Dhaka Guide http//www. online-dhaka. com/1_8_17507_0-agora-bd-super-shop-dhaka-city. html 6. Competitive Advantage. Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Competitive_advantage 7. Agora- A new way to shop. Retrieved from Bangladesh Inside, http//bdinside. net/? p=50 8. Agora-Facebook. Retrieved from https//www. facebook. com/Agora. Rahimafrooz 9. Rahimaafrooz Super stores. Retrieved from http//www. rahimafrooz. com/OurBusinesses/Companies/RahimafroozSuperstoresLtd/tabid/112/Default. aspx

Child Abuse

 Essay

Many kidren suffer chela squ whole anyday at the hands of adults and it is often their own pargonnts who ar the ones to do this. They are beaten, kicked, thrown into walls, or burned with cigarettes. They experience their heads held under the water of toilet bowls, are scalded by hot water or they are coerce to stand in freezing or scalding showers until they pass out. A child could be stuffed into running dry wash machines or sexually molested and beaten so bad that they are unable to move.Some suffer from devolve in the forms of starvation and lack of medical attention, and still go un noniced by outsiders such as child nurtureive function or perhaps even their pediatricians. It is not unheard of that children die every day in the U.S. alone from one form of child shout or another. It is a revolting practice that has no set standard of rules to finish off the persisting problem.Different states leave various methods and agencies to help prevent ill-treatment in the ho me, some work quite well while others turkey a dangerous gamble when it comes to the life or mental state of a child. The precise second of deaths each year is not known because of the extent of well-nigh fatality investigations that could be hazard as child abuse but are seen as open and shut death faces. A writing from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, however, depicts more than three million handles of alleged child maltreatment practices in the year of 1995 alone. Many more children are living with abuse preferably than dying(p) from it, too. So what steps are being taken to protect our nations children? All states have a Child Protective Services (or CPS) system.This is the governmental system responsible for investigating reports of child abuse or neglect. In state after state, the CPS agency lacks the resources to respond ablely to the whelm physique of reports it is legislatively mandated to investigate. All fifty states have child abuse reporting laws requiring reports of suspected abuse to be made by specified professionals and others whose work brings them into regular contact with children. Any citizen may report suspected abuse as state laws submit for reports to be made to the CPS agency or its equivalent, or to a law enforcement agency.In most states, investigations are conducted by CPS personnel, although law enforcement officers may as well as be involved.The basic concern of child welfare workers is for the precaution of the child. Assessment of the risks involved in go forth a child with its family must be made quickly because children cannot be use upd from their families arbitrarily. Once a child has been removed, the goal of child welfare agencies is to recollect the child to the family. Ideally, suit of clothesworkers develop a plan to provide evokes with the education of the bid that children need, free from abuse or neglect.This plan is not always carried out to its wide intention. No state has the financial resources to provide all the services to the children and families who need them.A problem is that in state after state, CPS workers have excessive caseloads, are paid low salaries, and lack adequate training for the sensitive work involved in investigating abuse reports, and participating in decisions to remove children from their families then placing them in foster grapple. The turnover rate among child welfare workers is exceptionally high. A report done by the United States Department of Health and Human Services showed the rate of 30 percentage to be the norm, annually.Whatever the reason inadequate funding, unavailable services for children and families, high turnover rates, lack of training, overwhelming numbers of reports questions are being raised about the CPS system. The system is based on the presumptuousness that removal from a profligate family, come throughed by a return to the family when that can be done safely, is beaver for the child.A divers( prenominal) approach to the problems created by child abuse involves Family Preservation Services (FPS). Removal of the risk, rather than the child, is the goal of Family Preservation Services. FPS programs seek to modify the home environment or behavior of other family members so that it is at least as safe for the child to remain in the household as to be removed. Family preservation is based on the assumption that out of home care hurts children, and on the recognition that most families referred to Child Protective Service can and want to learn late ways of coping with stress. kinda than breaking families apart in order to treat them, intensive family preservation services seek to protect children and heal families by keeping them whole.Specifically, FPS provides intensive services in the home to all the members of a troubled family for a relatively trivial time quartet to six weeks.Professional staffs are usually charge two, but no more than four, families at a time. Case workers are available to families twenty-four hours a day, seven-spot days a week. A worker can stay as long as indispensable to stabilize the household, whether that agent six, ten, or twelve hours. Ten states have initiated FPS programs by legislation including California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and air jacket Virginia.Homebuilders, an FPS program based in Tacoma, Washington, provides the longest running ratement of the effectiveness of family preservation services.From 1981 to 1994, Homebuilders saw 3,497 children. rating data indicted that three months after completing the program, an average of 94 percent of the families had avoided out of home placement. Twelve-month follow up data showed that placement had been averted in 88 percent of the cases. Furthermore, the cost for Homebuilders family services was hardly $3000 per case while the costs for an average foster family home placement in the state was $7586.There is a down side to the Family Preservation Service, though. The track record of FPS seems impressive, but a closer present at another side reveals its not doing such a great job.According to the Clarke Foundation, there has neer been a case of parental abuse or neglect ca employ serious injury or the death of a child while receiving family preservation services. But since the FPS provides services for a relatively perfectly period of just a few weeks, there is no way of accurately predicting if after that short amount of observation that the parents are suddenly fit to care for a child. A worker only stays in the house for a maximum of twelve hours that is not long enough to assess whether the child is in danger and the true nature of the parents. Of course no one is going to push down or seriously injure a child in front of a human services official. No studies are available that show whether the abuse reoccurred after the Family Preservation Servi ces four to six weeks with the family was finished. The Division of Family Services takes another approach to preventing child abuse. The staff is divided into units, working a variety of shifts and functions to best provide the services needed by the children and families.The response unit is responsible for receiving all reports of child abuse, neglect, and dependency. They de bournine the nature of the allegations and the appropriate response time for initiating investigation of the allegations. Once abuse or neglect is found or significant risk of its occurrence is identified, cases are transferred to the treatment unit. Workers in these units are responsible for assessing family needs and connecting the family with appropriate resources and services to address those identified areas. They are also responsible for supervise the familys success at utilizing the available services, and communicating with various service providers to assess the ongoing safety of the children and t he progress of the family. They close cases when significant progress has been achieved to eliminate or minimize the ongoing risk of abuse to the children.The Statewide Unification Unit is responsible for providing intensive reunification services for children who can potentially return home within six months. Staff work closely with the children, their natural family, and the care provider to drive smooth transitions and roaring reunification. When the goal of returning children to their natural families is no longer appropriate, the social workers write landmark of Parental Rights (TPR) petitions, which, once approved by Family Court, allow children to become free for adoption. They develop long term foster care plans for those children whose parental rights have been terminated, but for whom adoption or returning them to the home is not an appropriate goal. They are also responsible for providing assistance throughout the adoption process to support successful adoptive placeme nts.It has been shown that through most personal accounts, that parents never really learn to take care of their children without using abuse.Because of this, it seems quite logical to make the main focus on protecting the child, then if returning them to their family is assessed as being completely logical, that is the way to go. I propose that a system of three strikes-your out be machineed. With this, the parent bequeath lose rights to the child for a short time while they go through training and counseling. If they are deemed not insane, then they may care for the child again with the warning of what will happen to them. They will have a sort of parole officer that will check up on the family annually. On the second offense, there will be further counseling, jail time, and other means of reform.If they are granted custody again, they will be checked on frequently and unscheduled. If they can not handle the child without abuse from there, the child will be put up for adoption. There are very long waiting lists for parents who would love to adopt a child and will provide a loving family that should be utilized. The state would let the new parents take care of the child financially, but would requital for counseling of that child and training for the rest of the family on how to love on the abused. If in later years, the parent has redeemed him/herself, then they will be allowed to visit and take the child on trips and be allowed to be a friend.After the child has reached the age of eight-teen the will be allowed to decide who they would like to stay with.No system for child protection is going to be full-proof. There are steps that can be taken to improve them. Any system is only as good as the people who implement it. instance Kaye Steinmetz of Missouri is proposing legislation to require additional training for Child Protective Services workers, take a leak a state team to assist with investigations of difficult cases, and provide for statewide protoc ols to ensure proper investigations. Representative Debbie Stabenow of Michigan advocates early identification of parents at risk of becoming abusers. Michigan Perinatal Coaching plan is an example of this.Developed by the states Childrens Trust Fund, the project matches parent volunteers with parents of newborns. through and through the childs first year, the volunteer provides support to the parents, whether that involves advice about discipline or other areas that new parents may find difficult. A similar program called Family Skill-Builder is offered in the state of Massachusetts. It offers an in home case management series for families who are at risk of abusing and neglecting their children. Its designed to prevent child abuse and neglect and to help families function independently.Deborah Daro, director of research for the National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, has several(prenominal) suggestions for legislators to consider.She maintains that states need to provid e more services for victims of abuse, especially therapeutic, remedial and support services. She says, States also need to look at the quality of foster care. Foster care ought to be more than just giving a child a place to live.The goal in preventing child abuse should be permanency and stability for the child, whether that means a return to the family or, in some cases, termination of parental rights and adoption. The sooner that can be achieved the better.This can be accomplished by setting up time tables for review of foster care cases, and by establishing specific criteria for permanency planning and termination of parental rights. Another key in preventing child abuse is evaluating each situation case by case. Placing a child in foster care may be the best decision for that particular case, while intensive family preservation services capability be best for another. The best answer may lie in a combination of the ideas of different organizations. Individual attention to each case would personalize a plan to get each family on the road to a good, stable, and loving family life in less time.

Play Area Critique Essay

The argona of the pre-school way that I have elect to critic bothy evaluate is the frock up ara. Our pre-school consists of 20 tykeren aged 3-4 years old spread oer cardinal sessions, and comprises both boys and girls. In our pre-school we have two polish children, one boy and one girl, who spill both English and Polish, one Chinese girl and one Zimbabwean boy. The rest of the children are Irish. Our pre-school room is one large room in a general childcare adeptness, located at the arouse of the expression adjacent to the after-school room, and opens tabu onto the surfacedoor looseness field of operation.The development of a learning surroundings which supports childrens learning, socialization, affairs and needs, is one of the foundation stones to quality early years curriculum and emolument. According to Aistear, taking date to develop a good indoor and outdoor learning environment will assist in the development of your curriculum and provide a welcoming and support ive learning atmosphere for the children. in that location are two roles for the pornographic in preparing this environment organising it and resourcing it. In a pre-school room the despatchice should be divided into interest areas i. e.child-sized areas rather than in a single large group space. The supervisor should create absolved areas of interest that encourage a revolution of types of play and assistances children see and experience the choices on offer. As you visualize our room, the room the sinks and wash up area are to the left, as are the toilets.To the right is the table visor area and arts & crafts street corner. To the rear of the room, the book and see corner is on the left hand array adjacent to the construction area, the dress up stand is along the back wall, and the home corner is a offprint area on the right hand side.Our building is relatively new and the room is silky and airy, with most of the toys and equipment in a good aver of repair. There is no obviously old or shabby area that needs attention. Primary Research In deciding which area of the room undeniable improvement, I needed to conduct almost primary research. The areas of assessment and planning have become more and more important in childcare. In order to support childrens learning and development, providers must support each individual child by providing appropriate opportunities, experiences, activities, interactions and materials within the daily service.Therefore, I decided to carry out an observation on the children playing, and an informal interview with the children. Observation and assessment processes butt end be used to localize the effectiveness of the setting, specific areas of the setting, specific activities and the practitioner.Through observing the children and/or the learning environment we can order plans and, perhaps, changes to the environment, to improve provision. In carrying out my research I observed the children when they were playin g using a principal record observation sheet to determine the most and least popular areas of interest. observed how the space and system of rules of the environment was supporting or hindering play interpreted what I axiom and heard in the play used the assessment information gathered in planning for improving the play areas. The children were invited to recruit and give their opinions on the room during the informal interview with the group. Indeed consulting with the children in relation to the development of the space and materials can be empowering for the children and give them a sense of ownership.The results of my research indicated to me that the book area and dress up areas were the least utilised areas of the room during free play time. The book area didnt overly aid me, as we incorporate reading and storytelling into our curriculum during the solar day, but I was concerned to see the lack of interest in the dress up area. Home Corner/ Dress Up Area The dress up a rea should be a truly active area in the preschool room where children engage in a lot of role play.When children put on dress-up clothes and gauge to be grown up, they are discovering more than how it feels to dress as an adult. Pretend play helps children to understand how other people think and feel. It gives children the hazard to discover new experiences or new places they can see only in their imagination. This is called symbolic displaceiment and is indicative of Piagets pre-operational stage of development. Symbolic thinking is an important, complex skill obligatory for many tasks in life, including address and communication, social skills, and even algebra and geometry.When we watch children playing in dress-up clothes, we notice they often use problem-solving skills they see adults use. dialog and shared responsibility become easier when children are pretending to be adults. They are gaining a sense of adult rules and expectations. Some quantify children may find t he dress-up area a place to confront fears and work through stressful situations. By pretending to be a doctor or a monster, a child gains a sense of power over the unknown, or by acting out a traumatic situation and talking about it, it becomes less scary to the child.Furthermore, engaging in dress up play can help further develop practical skills, as little fingers are learning to tie, zip, button and snap. Providing dress up supplies and dress up time allows young children to practice these skills without the pressures of time constraints. Preschoolers will be building fine motor skills and improving self-help while using their imaginations, enjoying creative play and having fun. Dress up play besides encourages language skills as kids discuss amongst themselves what they are wearing, the colours and textures of the clothes, and the roles they are playing.Proposal of Recommendations From my observations, I saw that the children often bypassed the dress up stand on their way to other areas, or at times even forgot that it was there. When the children did stop and have a look, they usually pulled out one costume, put it on and ran off to play elsewhere. Our dress up area consists of a child sized clothes rail with 4 costumes 1 x pouffe, 1 x princess, 1 x bob the builder, 1 x fireman, and two baskets with some doctor/nurse paraphernalia, a few scarves, a straw hat, a couple ofHalloween masks, fairy wings, a crown and a plastic gun.It became obvious to me from my observation and interview with the children that our assortment of dress up clothes was completely inadequate, both in quantity and in variety. Our costumes were limited to a number of song and dance or cartoon characters, with no reference to ordinary everyday practical contexts. I also agnize that we were sadly lacking in accessories, to enable the children to adapt and change the outfits on a day to day basis, thus maintaining interest and motivation.Furthermore, the location and display of th e dress up clothes needed attention, to attract the children to this very important play area. Rather than the dress up area existing as a separate area, it should be incorporated into another relevant interest area such as the Home Corner, to help extend play between areas. I picked up on this concept from observing the children, when one child dressed up as a fireman and then went to the Home Corner to put out a fire in the kitchen.Of course it comes naturally to children when engaging in symbolic or pretend play to link areas such as dress up and home corner. In conducting some reading and research into how to effectively organize a dress up area, I learned that the area should be attractive and inviting to children, yet well organised in order for children to discover and explore various costumes, accessories and items of clothing. There also needed to be enough space to allow groups of children to play in the area at the same time. Materials and equipment should be kept visible to the children and easily reached.The supervisor should make sure that the shelving is low direct and that dress up equipment is within easy reach of the children. Choosing see-through containers allows the children to see what is inside without taking it from the shelf, or using labels on the outside of the boxes would help the children greatly in choosing items and also at tidy up time, which is an important part of the High/Scope philosophy. In addition to these criticisms of our dress up area, I earn that we have not made any effort to wager cultural or ethnic motley to our selection.In developing the home corner and dress up area, you should take the profile of the children attending your service into account. Our pre-school has 4 children of contrastive ethnic backgrounds attending, and we as room leaders should endeavour to include their ethnic clothes, music, dance, regimen and customs into the room, as well as those of other ethnic groups also. Implementation of Rec ommendations I had an informal brush with my pre-school fellows and the centre conductor to outline my observations, and proposal of recommendations for improving the dress up area.From this meeting we came up with the interest plan of action Improvement Area Action Required Delegated to Comments Location of dress up areaTo be moved to, and incorporated into Myself & The layout will be changed one afternoon the home corner colleague after playschool session Display additive rail needed My colleague My colleague was to bargain for items after Two coat racks to be fitted on wall funds made available by manager, and Baskets to be swopped for clear storage arrange for assembly with caretaker boxes Two additional boxes req. Full length reflect req. revolution Additional costumes req. My colleague Funds to be made available by manager Additional everyday clothing items req. Myself for purchase of costumes. Other items to Ethnic clothing req. Myself be sourced by myself via request for Variety of accessories req. Myself parental contributions and charity exposes/ jumble sales Curriculum Dress up time to be strategically Myself & We will do this through drama, music and incorporated into curriculum colleague dance activity. Therefore to keep up through on our plan of action, our centre manager made 100 available for the purchase of necessary items and additional costumes. My colleague went to Home base and purchased the coat racks, child clothes hangars, storage boxes and mirror, and then purchased a child sized clothes rail in Smyths as well as some new additional dress up items. These items included a policemans costume, nurses costumes and some additional props.Dress up clothes should ideally comprise a wide variety of clothes which reflect the occupations of family members, local customs and people in the community, and should not be limited to superheroes or stereotyped dress up clothes. We re-arranged the home corner incorp orating the dress up area on a Thursday afternoon, and my colleague had the caretaker fit the coat racks on the wall beside the clothes rails and the mirror. I sent home a letter with the children requesting donations for our dress up corner including a variety of accessories, and I also included the request in our pre-school newsletter.I also asked all the staff in the childcare facility for same. I made sure to specify that all donations should be clean, in a good state of repair and non hazardous for children. I included a list of suggested items which would be greatly appreciated. The response was overtake and we took in approximately 5 black refuse sacks of items for use in the area. I went through all the items and took out what I felt was appropriate. These items were washed and sanitized, and double checked by my colleague and centre manager for any safety hazards.I took the remainder of the dress up items given to us, and donated them to our nearest Barnardos charity shop on behalf of the pre-school. This list of items I requested was as follows Phones Old Hair Dryers Cords Removed dark glasses Small suitcases Hats Large textile pieces Purses & Wallets Aprons Belts Baby items such as bottles, dodies, babygros, Ties Feather boas blankets etc. Empty toiletries i. e. lave bottles, facecream jarsScarves Jackets or shirts with buttons, zippers and etc.Capes & Shawls snaps Sponge Curlers Tool belts Crowns Handbags Uniform items Shoes with laces Small dresses Football kit Wands rowlock warmers Gloves We managed to procure most of the items requested via donations, and the families of the foreign national children very kindly donated some items of clothing and accessories from their cultures. For mannequin the mother of the Chinese girl very kindly gave us a piece of Chinese silk fabric and a Chinese fan, whilst the Zimbabwean family gave us an ethnically printed tunic and a small turban port printed hat.We carefully displayed all our d ress up items so as to make it interesting for the children to try different combinations, and make it easy for them to find things. Dress up clothes were put on hangars on the rails, hats and belts and aprons etc. were hung on the coat racks, whilst scarves and other accessories were stored in clearly labeled storage boxes and baskets at the base of the rails. A special basket was filled with props such as wands, microscopes, toy swords and other such items to bring fantasy to life.One very important new addition to the dress up area was a full length mirror, which was fitted to the wall beside the rails. This is very important in maintaining interest in the dress up area, and helps the children to observe and assess their choices. Furthermore, allowing kids to self-verify the results of their work is very Montessori. The overall result is that we now have a first base class area which the children love. The time spent in the dress up area and home corner area in general has incre ased hugely, and the children have great fun trying different combinations of costumes.pic pic Bibliography Harding, Jackie Meldon Smith, Liz How To subscribe Observations & Assessments 2nd Edition Hodder & Stoughton UK Hayes, Noirin Early Childhood An Introductory Text 1999 Gill & MacMillan Dublin Madigan, Imelda Defining, Assessing and Supporting tone of voice in Early Childhood Care and Education The High/Scope Ireland Model http//www. cecde. ie/ position/pdf/Questions%20of%20Quality/Madigan. pdf Miller, Patricia H Theories of Developmental Psychology 2002 Worth Publishers US.Sylva, Kathy Lunt, Ingrid Child Development A First Course 1982 Blackwell make UK Aistear National Council for Curriculum and Assessment www. ncca. ie www. education. com http//www. ehow. com/how_10055611_set-up-fancy-preschool-classroom. htmlixzz29Hs4JKT9 http//www. kildarechildcare. ie/wp-content/uploads/Guide-to-Play-The-Learning-Environment. pdf http//education. scholastic. co. uk/resources/144269 ht tp//www. sagepub. com/upm-data/9656_022816Ch5. pdf

Scientific Method Research

This hypothesis will require research proving or disproving the question of mental sickness causing a persons chance of becoming roofless to increase. I will first locate an land with a high volume of dispossessed individuals, as this research will include all genders and races. The participants of this theater will include individuals who has suffered from any type of mental unhealthiness or had to undergo any cast of psychiatric treatment. The next step would be to collect actual information showing current homeless rates and if at all possible, records indicating mental illness.I will also collect information from local homeless shelters and single-room housing programs in order to determine the availability of resources to the homeless. Food banks or kitchens will also be a great research aid, as these institutions provide free meals at no charge to these individuals, and lastly, advert an attempt to gather information from a face to face conversation with people who are in truth living on the streets. This method would probably be the most difficult, but if there is a tropic meal involved, a survey, or form of questionnaire can be administered prior to receiving a meal with marginal force used to complete.To maximize participation, incentives such as gift cards or even a free night stay at a local motel may suffice. After my critical entropy is collected, I will create individual files with information consisting of dates of contact, as well as all apt information collected via questionnaires or face to face interviews in order to form tables and spreadsheets, showing customary traits shared amongst these homeless individuals, then generate a separate table showing personnel hapless from mental illness. It is at this point in which these findings will be compared and thoroughly analyzed.This information will be presented in charts or graphs to show certain similarities between all variables. Research findings should be accurate and valid, if n ot, a new hypothesis concerning the issue of homelessness will be generated and studied again. However, if findings are true, this information may vex beneficial to local community activist who serve the homeless population, as well as the mentally ill, and may provide the mental health professionals a clearer understanding of the relationship between mental illness and homelessness.This may lead to the question, how money who is mentally incapacitated can learn to sustain a legal career and provide a living for themselves, or a family without medical attention. Ultimately, this information can be used to improve local programs within the community, or even inform congressmen to take better accomplish responding more appropriately to the needs of the homeless population who are mentally ill. References Campaign for Mental healthcare http//www. Calypsos. Org/publications/access/homelessness. HTML Corporation for Supportive Housing http//www. Cash. Org/index. CFML? Obfuscation=pag e. Vicaragepaged

Behind Mud Walls Paper

mod India tush Mud Walls Paper In order to understand India, cardinal needs to understand its small towns. arsehole Mud Walls does a majuscule job in providing a detailed background of an ordinary liquidation life in India. Since seventy percent of Indians live in villages, it is important to learn nearly village lifestyle and the ex qualifyings that take place in it. Only then one can learn about the cities because one needs to understand the descent between the two in India. Behind Mud Walls provides the probability to examine a north Indian village from a non-Indian point of view in much or less otherwise words, a non-biased point of view.Since the book is broken up into parts by years, it gives the reader a great way to examine the changes that take place in this village it shows how it was then and how it is now. Karimpur in 1930 was very contrasting from Karimpur in the 80s and 90s. Many changes were observed by Wisers and Susan Wadley, who writes the later ch apters in the book. These changes were societal, economic, educational, technological, political and cultural unless just about significant of these were social, and educational. The social changes with an emphasis on role of wo custody, the slowing slash of the Jajmani system and the rise in education will be the focus of this paper.What was Karimpur like in 1930? Women in Karimpur in late 1920s were very traditional. They had a purdah (covering of the face) on at all times and were dependent on males (husbands, father or brothers). They were uneducated and illiterate. They had limited movement outside the house and were commonly tied to raising children and doing household work. They worked almost entirely in mud enclosures. Their days were spent mostly in menial elbow grease, ensuring that their family could subside on a day-to-day basis. Their days began at dawn, when they self-collected water system for their family and their daily tasks of cooking, brushing, and cle aning.They ground flour for bread. They milked the familys cow or buffalo. They prepared the ovens or chulas for the days cooking. They swept. They collected dung for fuel. They gathered veget fittings from the fields. It is safe to say that these women lived entirely behind mud walls. (144). They were excessively not allowed to go to the fields by themselves to relieve themselves. (46). Moreover, a system called Jajmani was widespread in Karimpur when the Wisers first visited. It was basically a system that jump upper castes to lower castes in the villages.There was exchange of goods and services between landed estateowning higher castes and landless service castes. The relationship was to be permanent, contractable and lower castes generally received grains against rendered services. Dhobis (washers), chamars (tanners), faqirs (beggars) dhanuks (midwives), sudras (lower caste), and bhangis (sweepers) were all treated in a corrupting manner. (47). The upper caste people, the B rahmins, would not like when the Wisers children played with those of bhangis. A touch of a bhangi would bring contamination to the upper caste Brahmins since they carry human waste and clean the courtyards.The Brahmins dominated the village. They owned most of the land and as well as took part in religious rituals due to their priest roots. Therefore, the caste system was a major(ip) social structure in Karimpur. Every individual had to stay within their caste boundaries everyone had a hereditary job to do. Two different castes could not marry and an upper caste could eat or imbibing anything offered by the lower caste. Even when the Wisers offered peanuts to the children, their parents refused to let them eat. Only food offered by Brahmins would be delightful for other upper castes.Therefore, caste system played a huge role in the lives of people in Karimpur. Further much(prenominal), education was very low in Karimpur in 1925. Both males and females could barely read or writ e. As a result, there were no technological developments and therefore, agricultural production was low. Lower education rate also meant that people strictly followed the caste system to keep order in the society. other observation make by the Wisers during their first was that most village houses were made of mud and were called kaccha houses. An interesting relationship noticed by the Wisers was that of newly wed girls and their mother-in-laws.Mother-in-laws would keep an eye on their daughter-in-laws or bahus. These bahus would have to please their mother-in-laws and take reverence of the household and everyone living in the family or in this case joint-family where brothers and their families live together with their parents under one roof. Therefore, one can see that Karimpur described by the Wisers in 1930 was quite self-referent and orthodox. The next half(prenominal) of the paper will be focused on the changes that took place over the decades in Karimpur. What were the changes in the wink half of the century when Wisers and Susan Wadley visited Karimpur?Firstly, the role of women had changed a little bit. Secondly, education had increase and more and more villagers had B. A. degrees and go to cities to find work. Thirdly, technological changes had brought enormous agricultural growth in the farms. The rigid caste system had slowed go through a little bit and the mutual relationship of Jajmani system had declined as well. Finally, the younger generation was more in touch with the world through cities and education, the lower castes had more access to land self-possession and most of the mud houses were transformed into brick houses or pakka houses.The roles of women had started to change in the 60s and later as observed by Susan Wadley. The purdah declined except during ritual occasions. The dress style also changed. Head was less covered. They started to show more read/write item and face unlike before. When women went out in the fields to w ork still wore huge sleeve blouses and had their head covered. The ones who worked in their own courtyards or left their house briefly started wearing dhotis which was something shorter than saris and other traditional long sleeve garments that they wore. (193).This was a radical change. It really showed that times had changed and people were becoming a little more open-minded. The younger generation of women was far more educated than their mothers or sisters and also wore baggy pants (Panjabi suits) by 90s. At times they would refuse to help their female figures in preparing and collecting cow dung, calling it dirty. They no long-dated had to collect water for their families since the introduction of hand pumps in their courtyards. This made their job a visual modality easier. Women also experienced change in their work.Due to the decline in the jajmani system and male employment in the farms, women no longer worked on the farms. The decline in the jajmani system meant more op portunities for women. Female servants were more acceptable as household servants. The decline in the purdah also helped women since now they could get their own water without males, carry their own messages and pick their own flowers from the fields. (289). They also took part in Hindu rituals. At the like time, one can argue that the voice of women in a household declined. Females were excluded from farm work since men had moved to the cities for work.They were replaced by machines and pumps on the fields and farms, and traditionally employed women in caste-based jobs through the jajmani system were no longer employed. Therefore, the changes in the lives of women were both negative and positive although the changes in the levels of education in Karimpur definitely helped women. direction was beneficial to both men and women. Better opportunities for jobs and marriage change magnitude education rates among men and women. Women were judge to be educated to train their future gen erations. An educated girl was a likely girl for a marriage proposal.In 1984, three schools were set up for both boys and girls. An astonishing forty nine percent of boys attend school. That is a big percentage for a backward village like Karimpur. (291). Fifty seven percent of girls attended primary schools. (291). All these numbers aside, education was still a luxury not a privilege in Karimpur. It was only accessible to upper castes that had money and the poor could not afford the woo of books and clothes. It is also important to note that it was extremely difficult to pass the sciences in schools without proper tutoring. As a result, the spread and benefit of education remained low.Still, it was a crucial change because it did make life better for some of the people. Many Brahmins obtained B. A. and M. A. degrees and most were literate including women. Increased education for men meant more opportunities in the cities for work which meant more money to provide for families bac k in village. Those who stayed in villages chose to be intermediates between the Brahmins and the government activity officials in matters of the village. Another reason why education was an important change for Karimpur was because it changed caste relationships. Education loosened the bonds of Brahmin dominance.Education brought experience and knowledge brought changes in caste relationships. Different lower castes were no longer tied to their jajmans or patrons. They were able to deal with banks, lawyers, doctors and government officials. There was a decline in the traditional jajmani system due to teemingness of labor. The farmers no longer needed to maintain their workers when they could hire labor for a cheaper price. Wealthy farmers in the 80s did not need that many laborers. They had machines that took care of their daily work. Hand pumps were a great tool for rich farmers. (285).There were two new tractors in the village. As a result the whole relationship between the jaj mans and their servants declined due to copiousness of cheap labor and new technology in the farms. The jajmani system no longer provided services, wage labor was more focused and employment networks were more focused and laborers were in constant demand. (283). Some lower castes were also able to raise their status in the society by changing their caste names. Scheduled or backward castes like the chamars and telis became jatavs and rathors, both subcastes of the Kshatriya. (262).This type of upward mobility shows that progress did take place and this is the type of mobility is visualized in the sacred Hindu texts like the Vedas. The system of hereditary caste system was never propagated by any texts. Rather, a system based on meritocracy was promoted in ancient Sanskrit texts and it was good to see much(prenominal) changed in a small north Indian village. Thus, one can see many social changes in Karimpur starting in the 60s and lasting till the 90s. Other important changes that took place were the transformation of the kuccha houses into pakka houses. Pakka houses were no longer limited to Brahmins.Even a sweeper had a pakka house. (248). Economic growth enabled people to buy bricks and pretend these new types of houses. Payments are done in rupees rather than grains due to cash economy. Jajmani system no longer controlled the exchange of goods. Agricultural production was booming due to technological changes and introduction of necessary materials by the government to increase production. Better seeds, more fertilizer and more irrigation were provided by the government. One can credit increased education for more interaction between the villagers and the government officials. 252). Crops other than grains were produced and more number of farmers from all castes deep-seated more crops and vegetables unlike only the Brahmins forty years ago. Green revolution also brought tremendous change in agriculture along with introduction of pumped irrigation water. Family incomes increased for many castes and access to land ownership also increased for middle and lower castes. The dominant Brahmin influence declined over the years but they still had a huge presence in the village. Overall, Karimpur in 1920s was different from Karimpur in the guerrilla half of the century.The reason why it was different was because of the changes in the roles of women over the years, the decline in the caste and jajmani system, and increased education. These changes were tied to each other and a change in one system brought a change in another. Finally, Karimpur serves as a model for modern India it shows how a socially orthodox and economically backward place can experience changes at all levels in the society and improve the lives of its people. Works Cited Wiser, Charlotte, William Wiser. Behind Mud Walls. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California, 2000.