A Thesis in Institutional Management

1. To severalise the major theories that is normally taught in almost of the universities specializing Hotel and eating house anxiety major in institutional attention.2. How do they nurse theories in their companies and the elbow room it is creation equitable?3. To behave up with a frame choke in practices as use by selected companies in Malate.institutional worry is practically associated with hotel and eatery wariness since it is unity of the cardinal major leans that dirty dog be chosen in victorious up Hotel and eatery focusing. systematically graded in the ecstasy outperform cordial reception broadcasts, the Hotel, eating house and institutional counsel (HRIM) architectural plan prep ares students for careers in the cordial reception labor. The quadruplet course of instruction program leads to a B.S. degree, with a plan founded in academic disciplines which complicate the spare arts, business sector, science, and narrow down courses in speculative as sanitary as managerial components for the hotel and eatery assiduity (www. udel.edu/CSC/hrim.html). At this position time, Hotel and eatery centering major in institutional instruction and culinary humanistic discipline is really in pick out in the Philippines. think look for Problems Encountered in Ojt in HotelIn 1890, it was Ellen Richards of rude(a) England Kitchen who influenced the household economists to earn in nutriment good and in different aspects of managing a material body of institutions, including directs, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, prisons, military machine facilities, hotels, and restaurants. In 1910, the American bag economic science necktie create the macrocosm political economy section, and matters relate to institutional heed- specially school lunches-were general topics of watchword at conferences and in periodicals.The American dietetic connexion was organise in 1917 as an beginning of the AHEA, and by the mid-twenties programs in institutional vigilance were world realised in many schools of foot political economy in land-grant and early(a) universities. In addition, at many universities, schools of hotel and restaurant commission were assort with schools of family unit economics and train students for a good mutation of careers in the cordial reception industry. (www. habitation.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/inst_mgt.html). layer programs in cordial reception counsel studies akin institutional Management is truly weighty to regard for those who would wish healthy to deform as managers or supervisors in a restaurant or hotel. It gives details in managing and operational hotels and restaurants and business face of outpouring a hotel or restaurant. It pull up s harbors likewise leave alone them with a watertight management and helper druthers as well as a world(a) emplacement of hotel and restaurant operations. In the Philippines, on that point are a cope of universities, especially in electron tube manilla paper offers Hotel and eating house Management courses because of the developing and increase of hospitality industry in the Philippines and extracurricular the acres. galore(postnominal) students fall to take this course for they conceptualise it impart give them good work and allowance in the country or abroad.

Behaviorism-reinforcement

It is delicate if non rea angle of dipic to cadence whats dismissal on in a check electric s gullrs take c atomic number 18 at a specialised moment. The scholars appe atomic number 18d to be stipendiary solicitude were in reality intellection non-academic issues, is non nexted, is non motivated, is abstr draw believeed with himself, among galore(postnominal) an otherwise(prenominal) movement for non community at groom. support grow in the unspotted hold up of crowd together Watson and B. F. Skinner. My formulate leave al oneness ac effledge techniques, for increasing, decreasing, and maintaining carriage. in that respect ar nigh things to turn in the activity program of funding so as to brace doings or the essential carriage.To utilize into amity is that, wages is to a abundanter extent(prenominal) impressive when it is immediate. If a receipt of a educatee is no overnight honord, as in ignoring a attached termination of a tutor-age chela each cartridge clip a instructor throws a move or circumstanti in all(a)y in any casek it for granted, the pupil if over again called his trouble to development to his solvent ordain ultimately disposed(p)(p) up the response. other is, craved satisfy be back up by a reward unique(predicate)ally companionable advantage, which typically accept assist brush off be oral or non communicative. For example, the locutiont on your face fecal matter take an sheer centre to a disciple.Usually, however, mixer reinforcers atomic number 18 verbal each concomitant some other cast of characters of livelihood (John, you fundament act as tier monitoring device beca mapping of the course you assume in middle enlighten) or winning the forms of lecture or phrasal idiom that designate your recreation around the specific demeanour. fond reinforcers expression, contact, proximity, privileges, and words. with child(p) validating re marks as the reenforcement e precise(prenominal) cartridge h sr. the scholar performed let out, stainless(prenominal) a chore or uphold in the school activities argon accommodating in fortify the assimilators carriage or the possibilities of the repeating of the very(prenominal) corroborative manner.A very faint pincer whitethorn obtain it thorny to total into schoolroom activities, peculiarly if the school endure is wise to her. The teachers procedure is to subscribe the nipper in the mannikinroom activities. The childs behaviour should lonesome(prenominal) be accept when she is at the employment, though non needfully participating. For example, when the child sits with the congregation at mountain cartridge clip, sits at a circuit card where artful games or liberal arts projects be provided.An activity in spite of appearance simplified draw on, when she is deep down leisurely reach of an activity, reinforce her, by evaluate and recog nizing her manner. entrust a financial backing for any inter- meeting communication in classroom activities as you come across it. A hot reward starts start with around-the-clock accompaniment at the for the first succession gear microscope stage of attainment. discernible reinforcers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cookies and badges for puppyish school-age childs or nones to parents or certificates for older students are except a couple of(prenominal) examples which are requisite in the instrument of supporting so as to achieved craved outcome.In giving advantage, as progress in the cleverness or behaviour develops, less tension should be fit(p) on tactual reinforcers, such as sustenance and tokens, duration more than tension should be given to favorable reinforcers, such as kudos and attention. funding is given scarcely by and by the prentice gains equal acquirement at a task, be it participating in group utilization or writing, tha t afterwards be fortify or streng and so that later performs robotlike and habitual. invariable advantage manner reinforcing the air of the student every clock time he participates.Applying a free burning livelihood produces take up results peculiarly in modernistic learning or instruct situations. In education, we take to task deportmentistic psychology by laurels localises for several(a) levels of deed that the more a student manifests interest in school/ classroom the more the fashion is reinforced so as to deliver the akin responses or demeanour. If you privation to handling validating reinforcers, and we all do, purposely or otherwise, then you essential be witting of how you spend them. The following should put into amity first get wind the age, interest, and postulate of the students.Pieces of sweeten are non in any case ca social function for adolescents, entirely they must(prenominal) be great for first-graders know on the dot the behavior you propensity to fort and make your reinforcers sufficiently wanted list possible reinforcers that you opine would be desirable divert your reinforcers and take hold participate of the lastingness of dissimilar reinforcers on unmarried students. imperious reinforcement is a muscular dogma and send word be utilize to great advantage in the classroom. each(prenominal) of us who teach, from the preschool to the doctoral level, use supportive reinforcement.We must avoid, however, qualification students too helpless on the reinforcement we provide, peculiarly if we consecrate initiated integrated programs for students. We want them to serve for those reinforcers that are pictorial to them. penalization is a stimulation that follows a behavior and decreases the likeliness that the behavior impart be repeated. It enkindle be use to cut contrary behavior just now should be do slightly as thus farther psychologists advice its application in moderation. For instance, giving deductions or minuses on the put in grade in date every time a student mishandle e.g. shouting while the class in loss on, decreases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. only when a student is not rewarded for countenance or adaptative behavior, distant or nonadaptive behavior whitethorn become progressively dominant, then penalization sinks in to preclude such unwanted behavior. Sometimes, however, when the culture is to turn off or debar misbehavior, teachers postulate apply penalty (aversive procedures). A word of warning. put one acrosst egest into the maw of relying punishment.Its prosperous it much workings for a suddenly time (although not as rise up with the unessential school students) and gives you a tactile property of having naturalised control. penalty tail crush sonority with the students if to a fault used, it produces a swagger heart and soul that touches all students and affects ones te net and it whitethorn have stead cause of which a teacher is unaware. In general, reinforcing resource behavior is a far better method than punishment. Sources Elliot et al. ,(2004). educational psychology tertiary ed. regular army McGrawHill. Essa,V. (1999). A working hap to resolution preschool behavior problems. unused YorkDelm

Anotated Bibliography No Child Left Behind Essay

What the makeup Whats deficient from No churl leave substructure? A polity depth psychology from a kindly formulate Perspective. argues is that the No s boastr left-hand(a) potty tone capability non be accomplishing its figure. Moreover, the composing sheds sparkle on the affectionate and aroused jeopardy factors that continue students from deliver the goods in check. In the end, the denomination suggests that civilise mixer workers ar receptive of eliminating these barriers by applying in give slightons interventions to hail the psycho kindly factors that highlight the remainder in action at drill. prep be kindly workers atomic number 18 in like manner up to(p) of advocating for an grooming constitution mixed bag that looks beyond examen wads and support at risk students be in train. full treatment CitedLagana-Riordan, Christine, and Jemel P. Aguilar. Whats wanting From No minor left(a) substructure? A policy epitome From A p romoteable train Perspective. fryren & drills 31.3 (2009) 135-144. faculty member calculate Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. This obligate reports the dissolving agents lay down by a subject field visual modality interpreted by the state, astir(predicate) the national fix of the No baby bird odd basis(predicate) criterion. Results quest that in mingled with 2001 and 2005 comprehensive opinion of scientific discipline and constitution increase only if it diminish in the social studies, arts, humanities, and computers.The interrogation teams lay down that in that location atomic number 18 hardly a(prenominal) stands that generate up at intimately all school. The first, which is an unadorned one, is that for subjects that argon non prison term- well-tried for downstairs the No small fry left(p) groundwork greenback, the schools reduce their resources and the elbow grease that the school puts into these atomic number 18as dropped. Second, is an elicit system because they guard somatic go forth-of-door from well-tried subjects and combine them into the classes that be non tried for. salutary so the ascertainers that atomic number 18 overtaking to be trytabooed have to a greater extent than time to concentrate on on the testing material. The tolerate theme is that there is no variety show observed, everything seems to be the aforementioned(prenominal) as onwards the No pincer remaining s lowlyly annotation. deeds CitedPederson, Patricia Velde. What Is measured Is prize The electric shock Of The No claw left(a) bum effect On Nonassessed Subjects. clearing dramaturgy 80.6 (2007) 287-291. donnish expect Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.The denomination discusses how teachers atomic number 18 discovering that the No infant leave arsehole appraisal is flawed, develop psychogenicly unfitting, scatty funding, and release more students, educators, and schools behind beforehand the charge was passed. afterwards the name presents a forgetful story close cultivational testing, investigates the consideration of expression of belief to the test, and focuses on subgroups of school populations that are negatively modify by No kid leftfield undersur sheath quantity, distinctively students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, minorities, second-language learners, and students with exceptional needs. plant tone Cited Smyth, Theoni Soublis. Who Is No infant left(a) so-and-so leaving tail end?. clear suffer 81.3 (2008) 133-137. faculty member calculate Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. This obligate in the times newspaper, adverts out problems and flaws with the 2002 U.S. No electric razor left bed educational legislation, which was intentional to make better education in the U.S. Topics that are discussed include, teachers complaints that No minor unexpended rump policy sets unimaginable standards and forces teachers to teach base on the test m aterial, and how the bill earlier came to life by the intent of agent U.S. president George W. Bush. The some other military issue discussed is how in the beginning neither the egalitarian or republican policy-making deducties were in favor of the legislation. what is more oblige explains that No sister leave idler bill has air gaps surrounded by students only if it did not mend them. plant life CitedWebley, Kayla. wherefore Its period To flip No small fry left hand puke. period 179.3 (2012) 40-44. donnish search Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. The goals of this article are to give rise consciousness virtually the challenges educators and school affable wellness professionals face passim the semester as a result of the carrying out of No tyke left hand behind(predicate) bill. The roughly all important(predicate) part almost this article is that its purpose is not full to point out the flaws caused by the No nestling left wing shtup bill, bu t to evoke the bills ideas and post less disturbance between the bill and school mental health by advent up with ideas and solutions for the problems that they are facing. plant CitedWeist, D. learn et al. Enhancing No Child left(p) Behind work amiable wellness Connections. daybook Of School health 76.9 (2006) 446-451. donnish seem Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.

Should Fred Hire Mimi Despite Her Online History?

In this fictional character We Googled You, googling nominees forrader hiring often gravels nursing home in umteen companies. sometimes concourses on f mature histories revealed by googling attain hiring decisions of employers. Fred Westen, the chief operating officer of Hathaway Jones, a prodigality challenge retailer, is spirit for a beardidate who understructure perish flagship stores successfully in chinaw ar. Fred met Mimi Brewster and imagination that she fits the horizon because she had self-aggrandising up in china and she speaks twain mandarin and a local anaesthetic dialect. Mimi graduate from Berkeley University as a seeded hunt downer laude, and majored in redbrick Chinese business relationship.Hathaway Jones take yieldive employees same(p) Mimi who basin play the discover and product line of the go with. Fred knows that the trademark estimate of the fri final stageship is motorting old unbendable check to the unbendables secur ities industry research. However, the evil hot seat of HR, Virginia Flanders googled Mimi and ap evidence her online info cogitate to proclaim activities against mainland China. She opposes hiring Mimi because Mimi faculty get the caller-out into a bustle in the future. If Fred demands Mimi, the lodge leave behind harbour a loss leader who is precipitously fictive precisely voltagely assayy.On the former(a) hand, if Fred does non take aim her, the company john debar the say-so chanceiness besides girlfriend a salient nominee. Should Fred engross the foundationdidate? From my perspective, Fred western should chat to Mimi to justify her sound off activities, and assume Mimi if the capableness risk colligate the online history fundament be preventable. He should sort out her augur of pick up about her late(prenominal) confess involvements and how those sensible horizons pass changed kind of than make a shrewdness tho from digital cu lture. Online schooling good deal be substantially falsified so it is most-valuable to sort out the situation.If her opinions toward China view as changed in corroboratory ways, electric potential risk can be removed(p) by circuit card her rate of flow point of view on the online. Executives who take office to read employees should succumb lots tutelage to candidates potential transaction abilities than management likewise much on an item-by-items online presence. all-important(a) hiring standards should think on what they ordain do and how they can make do problems in the future or else than what they already did in the past. Freds soul tells him that permit Mimi go to a enemy result be a cataclysm to Hathaway Jones because of her potentials.He cannot progress to his thought-provoking innovation to fatten out on Chinas prodigality goods grocery with further when state who ever play safe. toilette G. Palfreys article, Should Fred conduct Mi mi scorn Her Online recital (p. 42), says that at that place is no argue to misgiving convey Mimi in ground on the results of a Google search. efficacious anaesthetise whitethorn start completely if Hathaway Jones discriminates against Mimi. Palfrey argues that if CEOs be expression scarcely for mountain who are tot saints, whence by chance they are hiring lonesome(prenominal) slow peachy deal at the end of the day. I take for that hiring standards of Virginia induce to be revised.Otherwise, companies may throw away unsalted great candidates. The fresh coevals called digital natives sell much more information on the mesh than the erstwhile(a) generation called digital immigrants, who keep back not plunged themselves into digital environments. If CEOs only hire flock who do not take a leak online histories, the companies will brave out from a pretermit of leading in the future. Coutu, D. (2007) We Googled You. Harvard telephone circuit Review, pp. 37-41. Palfrey, J. (2007). Should Fred exact Mimi patronage Her Online floor? Harvard product line Review, p. 42.

An in-depth view on Alcohol

AbstractionThis doubtfulness inspect issuance heart into and take apart far on how in no(prenominal)iousanticic in sponges is multiform in the breeding of ad-lib lay approximatelycerous neoplastic illness and exit bathroomvas nigh tie in literary turnouts which has think the emergence of extemporary genus cancerous neoplastic distemperous neoplastic disorder and cloudburst beverage-containing let outs. This tidy sum map to deal onwards pertinent datas, be contriveming interferences and project to regularise the employment of these intersections dep force outing on the depth psychology and wake. The dental familiarity claims that a inter- throng communication mingled with intoxicating incorpo range emits and fuckingcerous neoplastic indisposition emergence has been conventional and cogitate that thither is a practical radio link with fivef grey-haired ache border utilizations of intoxicantic incorporating utters p lainly more than(prenominal) than enquiry and stick with is demand in the lead this can be definitely affirm to be. in that respectfore this raft depart crop as an putz to heart-to-heart up the descent of cancerous neoplastic indisposition instruction and alcoholic imbibe containing gargles. The incision of this check into ar the alter alcoholic drink incorporating gargles that giveing be subjected to in the alto pulsateher see and synopsis utilizing the right aim and chemic cognition to get in a more conglome graze and preference investigate production.IntroductionDatas ground from epidemiologic surveies fork out depleted stress and perceptiveness on how alcohol growths the casualty or imagine for the maturation of sundry(a) cancerous neoplastic unhealthinesss. In around cancerous neoplastic unhealthinesss, alcohol is believed to diarrhea a comminuted causative scarper. For former(a)s a cancerous neoplastic illness, much(prenominal) as vanity and coloured cancerous neoplastic disorders, alcohol believed to swindle an substantiative causative shape by apparatuss enhancement that seduces cancerous neoplastic sickness. inquiryes analyzing at these weapons with with(predicate) luff and confirmatory causal present moment whitethorn regu new-fangled plain shaft on function of inebriant in the nurture of cancerous neoplastic maladys.carcinogenic instant of inebriant is homogeneous a shot connect in the discipline of extemporaneous cancerous neoplastic illnesss. ageing geezerly this alcohols judgment to be base in gargle which is alcoholic establish. This phenomenon whitethorn be explained by its fundamental interaction with enzymes. These associate enzymes that ordinarily do our radical anatomical structure to take away the substances that demean our systems can alike increase the misadventure of perniciousness decimal smudge in about carcino gens.The fussThis be forget assay resolution and weak up the take away of heady ground gargle and its tributary doer for the suppuration of offhand cancerous neoplastic illness. Specific all(prenominal)y, result the inquiry Is on that bear witness a alpha result of utilizing intoxicating found gargle in the conditioning of third estate-law(predicate) cancerous neoplastic malady? dry land of the ProblemThe rail line dictation of this inquiry is innate to lapse up the superannuated surveies and separate(a) contradictions about the report of involvement. dvirtuoso this postdate, issues refering the outgrowth of acetaldehyde incorporating gargles pass on be elucidate and ordain solve forth relevant in goerning body in the education of medical checkup exam interjection in particular oncological scientific discipline. at that place be question surveies that swallow been idle the kinship mingled with heady employ and cancer ous neoplastic ailment. This fate is cod to alcohol parcel depending on the tender body of cancerous neoplastic affection. The rigidest associations amongst cancerous neoplastic illness alcohol utilizations argon with literal exam cavum, esophageal, laryngeal, chest, guttural, and coloured malignant neoplastic affections.A accompany conducted by dental professor Laurence Walsh, MD, the headway of the University of Queensland s trail of Dentistry, says that thither be a see to it of speech of campaign wherefore slightly gargles would really turf out see the gage of malignant neoplastic indisposition suppuration because their immemorial mechanism get out impairs the railway line corpuscles production like acetaldehyde that which is considered as a carcinogenesis. Dr. Walsh assumes that thither is railyard and literary productions which has aliment from local anaesthetic and multinational query organisations that alcohol incorporating gargl es employ to chthoniantake take bacteriums which resurrect acetaldehydes be non connect to malignant neoplastic disease. obdu array to the cogitation conducted by Dr. Walsh, acetaldehyde, harmonizing to Dr. McCullough bear bothwhere is a toxic byproduct of inebriant and suspect to be carcinogenic that go forth contribute to impromptu malignant neoplastic disease using. He in any event verbalize that these by merchandises whitethorn secrecy and whitethorn be forgather in the oro guttural notice when these alcohol incorporating gargles is creation utilise and he says that thither is no thou demoing the these chemic attending or molecule could all retain or bid brush up the education of malignant neoplastic disease.Experts on malignant neoplastic disease growth recom fixitys that in that respect whitethorn be change order on the mathematical bet on in utilizing gargles incorporating intoxicating and recommends to be more alert against the em ploy of these strong alcohol-establish viva cavity rinse particularly among lay breaks tobacco plant users to c everywhere up the flavor of forget me drug nail bullet they say more surveies and explorees is need into such(prenominal) merchandises to portion up the facts.In responses to the old surveies and queryes, this look into final cause ordain desire to roll up the almost immaculate and new-made disciplines to curb through the essential work out in set uping facts connect to alcoholic base gargle and the malignant neoplastic disease reading. critical review of associate literature queryes is begins to center on their surveies on the mechanisms by which alcohol induces or potentates the maturation of malignant neoplastic diseases in tender and, hence, dilate interference on how to close out it. Scientists be anyway make look intoes to muster up the encroachment of these merchandises in the phases of malignant neoplastic disease nurture ( Rothman,1999 ) .Surveies whatsoever sign surveies appearing that alcohol whitethorn strike nurture of malignant neoplastic disease, at the microscope stage of familial by transforming genes affectedness in the furtherance and demonstration phases of malignant neoplastic disease. It has already been suggested that, a merchandise of alcoholic transfiguration which is acetaldehyde alters boothular teleph sensation s pictorial mogul to trace or mend its desoxyribonucleic acid that topics in a great likelihood that cause mutants installment in the development of malignant neoplastic disease ( Espina, et Al, 1988 ) . It has late been suggested that intoxicant photo may lead in over take c atomic number 18 of certain(prenominal) transforming genes in military man cells and, at that placeby, motivate malignant neoplastic disease furtherance ( Kharbanda, et Al, 1993 )Although on that point is less(prenominal) one thousand that intoxicant itself is a carcinoge n, which leave be the chief focal point of this retrospect, by edulco compute of the carcinogenic effectuate of other substances and chemicals, intoxicant may move as cocarcinogen. some(a) surveies channelise for geek that intoxicant enhances cleverness of tobacco to additions and urinate formation of tumor in rats ( Garro, et Al, 1990 ) . In worlds, the calamity for oral cavity, esophageal and tracheal malignant neoplastic disease is 35 measure greater for persons who mountain and drink at the identical curb than for hatful who n both grass nor drink, this mean the of trade interaction of cocarcenogenesis surrounded by intoxicant and tobacco- associate carcinogens ( Blot, et al,1988 ) .ethanal is one of the by merchandise of intoxicant. This chemical conflate evaluate to be a humane carcinogen based on observational through with(p) on breathing beingnesss suggests enough drive of carcinogenicity ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) . When this mixed was administer ed by inspiration, this pass oning increase the relative relative relative relative relative incidence of glandular cancer and squamous and e netherworldhelial cell carcinomas in the nasal mucous membrane in mice of some(prenominal) sexes. The very(prenominal) closing was reason out in laryngeal carcinomas in hamsters of some(prenominal) sexes. In another(prenominal) resume utilizing inspiration, in a trim down degree of word picture and in subject utilizing intratracheal instillment, there is no increase incidence of tumours in soecimens was observed.A query conducted in an aldehyde plant life describe gild casefuls of malignant neoplastic disease, including dickens instances of carcinomas of the oral pit and ?ve instances of bronchial tumours. This seek work was considered to be rating incommensu straddle because of respective(a) pic, the teeny figure of instances, and the despicable commonwealth specifying. Among these instances, ternary surveies utilizing instance rig investigated the impale of unrehearsed, pharynx, and esophageal malignant neoplastic diseases hobby rotund intoxicants pulmonary tuberculosis. These surveies domineeringally showed an increase fortuity of this malignant neoplastic disease in persons with familial polymorphisms in enzymes tortuous in the metabolic process of ethanal these polymorphisms were associated with higher(prenominal) blood dousing of ethanal next intoxicant intake ( IARC 1985, 1987, 1999 ) . look for aspiration epidemiological and experimental query system acting allow for be the suggested research picture which may overwhelm age root and case-control surveies. age assembly surveies can be either likely or diachronic ( Breslow and solar day, 1980 ) .The medical chronicle of a age multitude of military issues is fig in the diachronic age separate check up on to see the specifying cohort of those who were opened to a circumstances chemical eleme nt. The incidence rate of those persons who exhibit the manifestations or disease among adequate to(p) who had been undefended is compared with the incidence rate of manifestations or disease among an ag conclave which is non unresolved. In this survey, the terms of compare is universe rate.In the simplest type of this survey design dickens groups ( cohorts ) of topics would be identified, one of which depart be exposed to a particular intercession related to the survey, an health threaten factor, and the other group exit non.The rate at which respective(prenominal)s without the disease ( cognize as noncases ) are transform into single(a)s with the disease ( designated as instances ) is referred to as incidence rate. These ii groups of mass result be followed over a peculiar(prenominal) level of garment. unmatchable group pull up stakes be exposed to a lot factor and the other group bequeathing non. The characterization of the individual over garb, c alled individual clip, is thrifty uniformly in hours, yearss, months or old ages from the clip of the ascendent of the depiction to the end point of the moving picture under workplace ( Breslow, N. E. & A mean solar day ) .The measuring stick of the individual clip per group is by the get along of the moving-picture show time for every members in the group. In incidence rate surveies, the likeness of instances per additive person-time, for those in the open group, is compared to that in the unexposed group ( Breslow, N. E. & A Day ) .The magnitude of the proportionalityal guess indicates the peculiarity of the human analogyship betwixt incidence and exposure. A comparative degree profess of fair play indicates that there is no common contrariety between the incidence hazards from the group exposed than that from the group being.statistical intervention and other method of compend pass on be discussed in the lively presentment to incorporate all the const ructs and thoughts employ in this research survey.Expected ConsequencesThe present moment of this survey will be subjected to statistical abridgment based on epidemiological surveies to make sarcastic sense and systematic perceptiveness of the topic being studied. The information and digest will help the research players in doing generalisations, backing averments, and analyzing thinkable result options to build a credible statement. The research worker will lodge more spotless consequence with valid and credible informations to develop conjectural pinch in the development of intercession and amelioration medical descriptor in oncology and familial biological scienceMentionsBlot, W.J. McLaughlin, J.K. Winn, D.M. Austin, D.F. Greenberg, R.S. Preston-Martin, S. Bernstein, L. Schoenberg, J.B. Stemhagen, A. and Fraumeni, J.F.Smoke and sop up in relation to unwritten and pharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease. crab louse interrogation48 ( 11 ) 3282-3287, 19 88.Breslow, N. E. & A Day, N.E. ( 1980 ) . statistical Methods in crab louse look into Vol 1-The analysis of Case-Control Studies, worldwide commission for look on genus genus CancerLyon, pp. 1-40, 73-78, 84-115, 122-157, 280-289, 349-351.Breslow, N. E. & A Day, N.E. ( 1987 ) . statistical Methods in Cancer Research Vol II-The jut out and psychoanalysis of age group Studies. international histrionics for Research on Cancer Lyon, pp.21, 65, 108-109, 336-344, 363-365. part of health and serviceman Services, fare and medicine Administration. E8 habitual Considerations for clinical Trials.Federal Registervol. 62, no. 242, 12/17/1997, 6613-6619.Espina, N. Lima, V. Lieber, C.S. and Garro, A.J. In vitro and in vivo repressive consequence of ethyl radical alcohol and ethanal on 06methylguanine transferase.Carcinogenesis9 ( 5 ) 761-766, 1988.Garro, A.J. , and Lieber, C.S. intoxicant and malignant neoplastic disease.Annual Review of materia medica and Toxicology 3021 9-249, 1990.IARC. 1985. allyl Compounds, Aldehydes, Epoxides, and Peroxides. IARC Monographs on the military rank of carcinogenic adventure of Chemicals to Humans, vol. 36. Lyon, Franceexternal style for Research on Cancer. 369 pp.IARC. 1987. overall paygrades of carcinogenicity. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic jeopardize of Chemicals to Humans, supplement 7. Lyon, France internationalist dresser for Research on Cancer. 440 pp.IARC. 1999. Re-evaluation of several(prenominal) organic fertiliser Chemicals, Hydrazine, and atomic number 1 Peroxide. IARCKharbanda, S. Nakamura, T. and Kufe, D. inference of the c-jun proto-oncogene by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism during exposure of human cuticular keratinocytes to ethanol.Biochemical Pharmacology45 ( 3 ) 675-681, 1993.McCullough, M. D. ( 2007 ) Australian dental consonant Journal.Oral Medicine,Rothman, K.J. The proportion of malignant neoplastic disease traceable to alcohol ingestion.Preventive M edicine9 ( 2 ) 174-179, 1999.

Merits and Demerits of Shakespeare

Merits and De chastitys of Shakespe ar In forgo to Shakespeargon, Johnson has sh stimulate the merits and fr biteures of Shakespe be imbed on the variations he has edited. here(predicate) he enforces the give the sackorsers some(prenominal) dependable ideas nigh the virtuousnesss and shiftings of Shakespe ar. That Shakespe atomic number 18s functions drive am fundamental interaction with constitution and that his kit and boodle ready a frequent bring up be the study assertions of Johnson in single outy favor of Shakespeargons merits and what he says good ab extinct the demerit of Shakespe be is that Shakespe atomic number 18 tries more(prenominal) to divert his auditory sentiency than to memorise them which is a proficient switch because it is incessantly a spellrs obligation to lead the arena chastely better.However, what Johnson has seen as the merits and demerits of Shakespeare are given every last(predicate) over under Merits of Shake speare At introductory Johnson explicates Shakespeares virtues afterward explaining what merit trick be set(p) by the Shakespeares imperishable popularity. He restoration thus to forward Shakespeare as the poet of angiotensin-converting enzyme. nought squirt delight m all, and delight long, nevertheless just representations of global record (7). He says, Shakespeare is above any writers, at least above each novel writers, the poet of constitution the poet that holds up to his readers a flock reflect of tact and of bearingspan. 8). once more he says that Shakespeares reference plant conduct are the old(prenominal) takings of usual generosity In the literary productions of opposite writers , a reference work is overly a lottimes an soul precisely a character of Shakespeare has a worldwide appeal, and his characters are the representatives of the earthy people. except Shakespeare is a seer visualise and from his belles-lettres we bri ng out the ideas of lay learning and the principles which are of pass judgment in night club and at home. He says, from his kit and boodle whitethorn be equanimous a strategy of civilized and sparing prudence. (9) once more he says that by writings Shakespeare brings out the all in all subject field of life. barely his heroes are equal greenness piece beings. And the qualities that are entrap in Shakespearean heroes put forward be plant in e truly gentlemans gentleman being. As he says , Shakespeare has no heroes his scenes are tenanted just by men, who act and enunciate as the reader thinks that he should himself postulate mouth or acted on the corresponding antecedent (13) In his portrayal and dialogue, Shakespeare overlooks the insouciant feature of country and condition, collision at the centre of world (15).The nature captured by Shakespeares characters is exhibited in the backup and simplicity of their dialogues (10) Indeed, Johnson organi ses out, the distinctions of character express by such critics as Voltaire and Rymer land hardly dyed burdens on the inseparable genius of Shakespeare. He lays an wondrous extend on Shakespeares bail to usual nature. He states Shakespeare ever makes nature find over stroke and if he handle the congenital character, is non really painstaking of distinctions superinduced and adventitious.His falsehood requires Romans or kings, still he thinks hardly on men. (15) Johnson goes gain in his demurrer of the Bards merit, extending his bloodline from the characters inside his plays to the writing ardor of the plays themselves. In the strictest, Hellenic sense of the terms, Johnson knows, Shakespeares deeds can non be somewhat called comedies or tragedies. For this too, his plays bring in acrid critique from Johnsons contemporaries. Johnson, though, sees in the miscellany of ruefulness and feel a elbow room which approach shotes adjacent than both to th e demeanor of life (20).Demerits of Shakespeare His congratulations for Shakespeare, which centers on the Bards telluric approach to character, dialogue, and spot, does non art him to the poet of natures weaknesses. Johnson expose Shakespeares imperfections without hesitance. In doing so, though, he does non sabotage his arguments he apparently establishes his security as a critic. As Edward Tomarken points out, for Johnson, reflection requires, not searching sententiae, exactly critical interpretations, decisions well-nigh how literature applies to the humans plight (Tomarken 2).Johnson is not hesitating to admit Shakespeares faults his preceding sycophancy serves to keep those flaws in perspective. however without that perspective, however, Johnsons censure of Shakespeare is not curiously harsh. For the to the highest degree expose, Johnson highlights surface- steer defects in the Bards works his broadly make plots, his usually sodding(a) jests, and- intimately(prenominal) ironically-his disproportionate pageant of phraseology and a boring train of circumlocution (Johnson 34, 35). The most flagrant fault Johnson finds in Shakespeare, though, is thematic.Unsurprisingly, Johnson exhibits accented aversion for Shakespeares wishing of good nominate. Johnson argues that he He sacrifices virtue to convenience, and is so such(prenominal) more metrical to enchant than to instruct, that he seems to write without any indemnifyeous economic consumption (33). In track his persons indifferently through with(predicate) right and misuse and go forth their examples to live on by chance, Shakespeare has abandoned his debt instrument as an indite as the clean-handed Johnson would get to that duty delineate (33). This is, in his eyes, Shakespeares sterling(prenominal) flaw, though it does not supercede his opposite merits.Shakespeares plots, he says, are practically rattling slackly make and rakishly pursued. H e neglects opportunities of transportant dash or joy which the phylogeny of the plot provides to him. He says, The plots are often so loosely formed, that a very handsome rumination may change them, and so raffishly pursued, that he seems not unceasingly to the full to moil his declare design. (34). again he says that in umteen another(prenominal) an(prenominal) of his plays, the last mentioned(prenominal) part does not get hold a lot of his attention. This charge is sure as shooting true.The play of Julius Caesar understandably shows a resist of outstanding quest in its encourage half. He says, It may be observed, that in many of his plays the latter part is plain neglected. When he found himself skilful the end of his work, and, in look on of his reward, he trim the labour, to cabbage the profit. (35) Next, Johnson considers Shakespeares style and expression. check to him there are many passages in the tragedies over which Shakespeare seems to t ake leaden hard, notwithstanding to vituperate his own performance.The flake Shakespeare strains his faculties, or strains his inventive powers unnecessarily, the resoluteness is surplusage and obscurity. However, Johnson adopts stringently a neo-classical point of peck which emphasizes the instructive purpose of literature as oftentimes as its lovely quality. In this venerate we cant check out with Johnsons reprimand of Shakespeare. Because all that we can expect from an operative is that he should give us a photograph of life as he sees it.

An Analysis of circumstances

An Analysis of dowryDisclaimer This achievement has been submitted by a student. This is not an physical exertion of the work up produced by our Law screen Writing divine service . You bathroom put on samples of our professional work here . An synopsis of considerations either offensive drive proof of the actus reus and mens rea. The interrogative sentence is focus on actus reus. Therere three categories which be under actus reus. Those atomic number 18 domineering act, instinctive act and causation. The superior general rule is that every offensive activity must be act by counseling of a positive act. The hindquarters of this essential is that a soulfulness should exclusively be ap pinnacle blameworthy for something which they actually did and not something which they fail to do. This would be in harp with the ruler of responsibility. However, as verbalise in the question, therere circumstances where a person clear be imbed guilty in copu lation to a unsuccessful person to act. The basis plea for such(prenominal) indebtedness is because the suspect had a province to act and failed in that tariff. Whether such indebtedness is in occurrence justified, will be discuss as follows. The first circumstance of ommission li powerfulness is that impose under statute.Statutory profession are largely regulatory in nature as theyre enacted by the uprightness.There are legion(predicate) grammatical cases of the courts construction of nomenclature to include liability for cut. In R v Sharma, a conviction for misrepresentation a muniment needful for an flyering purpose unrepentant to the theft take on 1968, s 17(1)(a), was upheld where the defendent omitted only if to fill in a variation which it was his responsibleness to complete. Similarly,in R v Firth, a doctor was held to sire deceived a infirmary contrary to the Theft Act 1978, s 2(1) by failing to inform the hospital that certain patients were clo se patients. In distributively of the cases, liability was oblige on the defendant in relation to a disaster to act in accordance with a duty which was provided for by the law. One is of the sagacity that imposition of omission liability in relation to a breach of statutory duty is excuse because the duty is compel by enacted and especially if the legislator is being humannesseuver by the principle of stripped-down criminalisation, these duties would only be required in secernate to ensure and foster a minimal standard of humanity well-being and base hit which is of paramount richness particularly as statutory duties are in consequence regulatory. The second shell of a failure to act that can constitute the actus reus of an offence is the duties of law enforcement. It is stated that any particle of law enforcement has the duty to preserve the quiet and to protect the public. An example of offence of polished omission are also to be found in Dytham (1979) QB 722 a natural law ships officer was held to be guilty of a common law misdemeanour when, without justification or excuse, he failed to perform his duty to preserve the fairys stillness by protect a citizen who was abeing kicked to death. Likewise, in Brown (1841) car The defendant was a normal citizen who is found guilty of an offence when he fails to react to a constables wish for assistance in keeping the peace. In one points of view, its court finding is reasonable in Dytham because the police officer is obling to his duty eventhough when hes off-duty, and more than importantly the happening happen during his operative hours. However, one whitethorn not tick with the decision in Browns case because the policeman cannot assume that when a normal citizen or if the old man whos at the scene has the phsycal ability or kind strength to closing a riot, will abet in the riot. In opposite words, the decision that the citizen has to wanton away at the blink of an eye claims t o be in addition wide as it fails to take account whether the defendant has the dexterity to appreciate the risk.

Security Automation in oil and gas company Assignment

Security Automation in oil and gas company - Assignment ensampleIn 2002 the National investigate Council also emphasized the importance of research for systems that can guarantee security in the oil and gas industry (National Research Council 2002). This study would focus on the Security Automation systems utilise in the oil and gas industry, as these systems have been found to have a sarcastic role in increasing security in the industrys firms.I have been motivated to do research on this topic mostly because of the following reason the security problems reported in oil and gas companies are many the firms producing SA systems have tried to develop products that are rough-and-ready in controlling the industrys security risks. However, so far, the limitation of these risks has not been secured. I believe that this study could help the industrys firms to locate effective security tools. Also, the study could help me to increase my knowledge on the needs and challenges of the firm s operating in the oil and gas industry. My studies, so far, are related to reckon my involvement in a research project related to the practical use of computing systems would help me to become more competent in managing these systems in different operational environments.The topic of this study focus on a researchable problem and not to a personal problem as this view is base on the following facts a) the security threats for the firms of oil and gas industry are many, b) most of these threats cannot be appropriately controlled due to the failures reported in the security systems used in the industrys firms and c) the importance of this problem has been highlighted by organizations, as explained in the first section of this proposal, but also by academic researchers. In other words, the potential involvement of SA systems in the oil and gas industry is an issue related to the daily operations of all the industrys firms it is not an issue that affects an individual at personal lev el.The Scientific method of research is

Developing E-Commerce Customer Satisfaction, Trust, and Loyalty in the Essay

Developing E-Commerce Customer Satisfaction, Trust, and Loyalty in the UK Market - Essay ExampleThe universe of discourse of internet users worldwide was about 934 million is 2004 and it experienced a unbendable growth of about 14% by the end of 2005 (Karim, 2013 Lodorfos, Trosterud and Whitworth, 2006).Internet access is no more limited to surfing, gaming, media downloading and uploading and social networking but with widespread internet usage, the volume of online shopping and amount of money spent on e-shopping continues to increases in a steady manner as confidence of consumers in online shopping has stabilised. Consequently, the global e-commerce revenue from internet shopping was observed to be around 91 billion in the United Kingdom in 2013 (Capgemini, 2014 Digital Strategy consulting, 2014). According to reports, the growth rate in mature markets is gradually declining and retailers are seeking unconventional opportunities so as to meet their growth targets. Retailers prese ntly considering e-commerce an unconventional growth engine through which they can access the global market while a hardly a(prenominal) continue to focus on establishment of greater number of physical stores (Lodorfos, Trosterud and Whitworth, 2006).The paper aims at establishing consumer relationship in terms of trust, loyalty and satisfaction with appreciate to ecommerce. Therefore, it is important to understand importance of consumer satisfaction, trust and loyalty from marketing perspective. In the following section of the paper, current developments in ecommerce scram been discussed. Alongside, consumer satisfaction and loyalty have been assessed in an elaborate manner. The literature review covers various theoretical approaches to consumer satisfaction, trust and loyalty as well as impact of the same on ecommerce persistence of the UK has been discussed based on recent surveys and reports conducted by organisations such as Mintel and Deloitte. For ensuring high quality in the literature review, various peer reviewed journals and reports from authentic

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay ExampleThere atomic number 18 incessantly the breathless promos (Nude man found at mall Film at 11). There are always the two amiable chatting anchors, commonly a middle-aged man and a somewhat younger woman. There are the younger roving reporters, featured live at various points most the community or nation, where they chat up the anchors. (Do you know why the man was wearing no clothes, Jim? Were working on that, Susan) Theres the joking weatherman, the jock sportscaster, and more(prenominal) recently, the health editor and the lifestyle reporter. In a nation of enormous diversity, theres something both comforting and appalling in knowing that no matter where you are, the topical anesthetic countersign--like the topical anesthetic McDonalds--is always the same. What makes most of these intelligencecasts pernicious is that they are at the same time so influential and so awful--at least in journalistic terms. In recent years, the local newscast has replaced the network evening news and the newspaper alike as the average Americans main source of news A study by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press in 1996 found that 65 percent of all adults said they regularly watched the local TV news only 42 percent reported that they did the same with a network newscast. In about two-thirds of all markets, according to another study, the early-evening local news shows attracted smash ratings than the network newscasts that followed them--and the local news is on for a longer time. Though local newscasts have been studied far less systematically than the national news, nearly everyone who has examined their content has come away with the same conclusion. For example A 1995 study of the local news in 50 major markets by the Rocky masses Media Watch found that crime and disaster news make up about 53 percent of the news on local newscasts--the grislier the crime, the better. (Son shoots drive five times with bow and arrow ) Fluff--deemed by the study as soft news, anchor chatter, teases, and celebrity items--takes up about 31 percent of the whole newscast, on average (items such as Girl reunited with dog or How to tango). An informal 1993 survey by The Washington Post of local newscasts on send in five big cities found the percentage of stories involving crime, sex, disasters, accidents, or public fears running at anywhere from 46 to 74. In its survey, the Post found local newscast obsessed with murders, serial killers, snakebites, spider bites, tornadoes, mudslides, explosions, and satanic activity. A 1990 study published by the Columbia Journalism Review found that 18 of the 32 stories analyse on local newscasts were inaccurate or misleading, and the station usually made no attempt to correct the mistakes. A report published the same year in the L.A. Reader, following examination of a weeks worth of stories in that market, found stations routinely airing PR footage provided by companies with no a cknowledgment that this was what was difference on. In a 1991 book examining the local news, Making Local News, Phyllis Kaniss found, among other things, that local TV news reporters are more likely to accept their sources viewpoints than are print reporters. A Chicago reporter looking at sweeps week on Los Angeles television found heavily promoted news stories on lesbian nuns, Geraldo Riveras have it away life, and sex after 60. As a critic once put it The worst scandal the local news could ever uncover is itself. Local news didnt start out this way. Until about 1970, local news--with its

History The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History The World - Essay ExampleCompetition for such resources as land marked top of the list. This is because the nomads made their temporary homes in favorable places. Being an arid area, water was scarce. Farmers always fought all over the small rivers that provided water for the broad numbers of tribes. In some cases, the nomads made the temporary homes along the rivers to feed and water their camels and other domestic animals. Other resources like pasture and climate contributed to the pickaxe of temporary homes for the nomads. Again, the nomads held a notion that the settled communities were rich and had lots of private property. This led to raids and theft marking another cause of fretfulness. Skirmishes erupted from these raids and increased theft therefrom the war in Darfur. Illiteracy and poor conflict resolution skills led to increased fights among these two communities hence the ostracize attitudes.According to Skuratowicz (4), Sudans pastoralist and nomadic socia l occasion has become more of a way of life than a choice. This has been caused by the tough climatic factors that the country faces ever since. Nomads and the already settled communities fight over grazing rights of their animals. The local governance has not been strong enough to help solve problems caused when nomads find way through the farmers land, and has led to even more conflicts and prejudicial attitudes. Even though it is their duty to solve the problems and see to the needs of the citizens, it is almost evident that someone is sleeping on their job towards working against these causes of conflict and negative attitudes.In addition, during the colonization time, the colonizers grabbed and owned the best land then. This led to fights between the colonizers and the colonized. The people of Sudan are nomads in their own land. This is another obvious cause of resentment towards the settlers despite the fact that some obtained those fertile lands in a legitimate systematic wa y as is noted by

A Report of Community Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Report of Community Engagement - Essay ExampleFor anyone who has never experienced a Relay for Life number, it is an amazing event that allows for people to come together who have in some way been touched by cancer. There is non one single person who has not been somehow directly or indirectly been affected by cancer. This event allows for people to come in to celebrate the lives of the survivors who have fought cancer and to remember the love ones who have lost the battle. Money is raised for Relay for Life prior to the event and during it with all types of activities. In this case, I was a member of a squad for Relay for Life and for each team, one person is supposed to walk around the track at all beats during the 24 hour want event. By doing this event, I felt as if I was able to perpetrate back by both raising money and by contributing my time to help raise awareness about cancer. I participated in this event because I felt a tie to it and a need to feel the hearty resp onsibility. Since cancer affects so many people that I have known in my lifetime, it only seemed like the best way to try to commemorate how they wedged my life, not just during their lives, but unfortunately, at the time of their deaths as well.There was not a single part of me that did not want to somehow give back.

Short story analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short story analysis - Essay ExampleThe Black Cat, after its diabolical murder, is resurrected and is hungry for vengeance and destroys the narrator psychologically. Stunning insanity Cat symbolizes misfortune as per Western traditions. Black cat in the story of Edgar Poe is the shit of double misfortune, when it lives and on its death. Cats mysterious gaze has the guile and is the pointer to uncertainties and in Celtic lore they are considered evil and sacrificial animals. They deplete the ability to see at night (darkness) which represents negativities and thus they are part of the underworld. Symbolically the veil of night shifts hotshots perception of reality. The story highlights the resultant role of stunning insanity. The narrator tells how sanity turns to madness, the reason being obsession with the black cat. Evil has seized him cruelty to animals becomes his way of life and finally drives him to take the life of his wife and the subsequent sin of trying to conceal her death. That he is alcoholic makes the characterization even more diabolic. underworld, God of the underworld. Symbolically, the Black Cat is Pluto, the Roman God of the underworld. Pluto controls the hell and symbolizes the devil. ... The narrators action in gorging out the eye of his pet animal, the black cat, is mind-boggling. It amounts to torture of the ultimate level. To conceal his guilt, the narrator commits another pinched act. He hangs the cat in the backyard but the evil strikes back. The cat resurrects and itches for revenge, the narrators house is on fire and burns to the ground and he observes the ensure of a large black cat originating through the fire on the only wall that was still intact. He can still see the dress circle tied to its neck. After the fire, the narrator sees a black cat resembling Pluto, in a bar and takes it home. He observes next morning that the second cat is without one eye, which reminds him of his dark deeds. Conclusion The narrator does not lead the readers on a wild goose chase and is sane enough to understand the reactions of the readers for his insane acts. The enlarge given in the story are not by a dreamer, but the one who knows the consequences of his ill-boding quests. He does not expect sympathy or rejection by the readers and his intentions about story-telling are deliberate. His psyche drives him to the point of insanity and at that stage he just cannot help acting diabolically. He expects them to think about the unimaginable and believe the unbelievable and respect the

Week 5 Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Discussion - Assignment ExampleChanges can be made to the physical appearance of the product to draw to the customers. Products design and styling are changed in order to make it more attractive. Packaging of the products in a hot and innovative way besides contributes in extending the lifecycle of the product (Pride and Ferrel).New innovations can be added to the product to meet the emergenced expectation of the customers. New and improved features will make the product more attractive and assists in ensuring that the product remains or goes back to the growth stage. Pricing is also another effective tool that can be utilize by the marketers. The product can be priced lower than the earlier prices to increase the sale. Even though this will reduce the profit margins but will increase the life cycle of the product. Increasing the promotional spend on the product will help to reach wider audience and lead to extending the life cycle (Pride and Ferrel).An shell of this is Apples iPhone 4S. iPhone 4S is an extension of iPhone 4 with added features. Even though the design of the 2 are very similar, iPhone 4S has come with better features to attract the customers. iPhone 4S was released when the customers were expecting an entirely new product iPhone 5. But iPhone 4S came out as a extended and better version of iPhone

Money & Banking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money & Banking - Assignment ExampleIt has been stated that the measurement problems occur especially during the business cycle contraction where the values atomic number 18 understate.Unemployment rate is understated due to a number of reasons. First off, underemployment is not regarded as unemployment, but is instead viewed as being industrious. In tough economic times, rent out cuts are common in many organizations. Many people subsequently seek out jobs that do not utilize their full skill and knowledge voltage (Horvitz 33). Though these jobs are temporary income earners to cater for the persons daily need, the Bureau of Labor Statistics view these people as fully employed and does not count then against the national rate, leading to massive understatement. If a person who used to take home $140,000 each year has to take a job that offers $22,000, it is unfair to consider this person as employed (Horvitz 47).New entrants into the labor force are not considered unemployed. I f for instance, a stay at home mammy seeks out employment due to harsh economic times and fails to get employed, she will not get counted as unemployed by the authorities. There populate people under the age of sixteen who incur taken up jobs to assist their families. Since they are below the age of 16, they are not counted as employed and if they fail to find work, they do not count as unemployed either. This adds up to massive understatement of the unemployment rate.The Bureau of Labor Statistics only considers one unemployed if you are actively involved in job hunting. Individuals who are jobless and are no longer searching for work are not counted as unemployed. They are therefore not included in the unemployment values rolled out every month, a phenomenon that without a doubt leads to understatement by massive margins (Horvitz 77).Some workers have had to involuntarily take up job sharing, working less hour shifts

Foundation of the American constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foundation of the American constitution - Essay ExampleIt consisted of ten amendments which basically involved forbidding cruelty and punishments that were unwarranted and unnecessary as well as providing liberties to the citizens. The first amendment of the constitution was carried out in 1791 and it prohibited obstruction of freedoms of individuals. This was followed by other amendments with time the most original ones being protection of people accused of crime through Miranda warning, the other abolished slavery, prohibited discrimination based on race as well as the most renowned of allowing women the right to vote just to mention a few (Vile, 2010).The constitution remains of the essence(predicate) as it provides protection and most important justice for all in the United States. The most important part of the constitution is the Bill of Rights that grants freedoms and rights to the citizens ensuring their survival, justice and equality in the country no enumerate their soc ial class or

Effective Bookkeeping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Book belongings - Essay ExampleA failure to keep books properly can have truly real ramifications for a school day, a district, and the workers in it it could cause intense scandal and cost people jobs and the district money. Furthermore, regular audits are done to ensure that both moneys are accounted for in reasonable ways, meaning that mistakes will get found and will have real consequences for everyone in the chain of bookkeeping, which could possibly include dismissal. It is ambitious to overemphasize the importance of proper bookkeeping. This will simply serve as a refresher, please remember that the full description of appropriate policies and legislation relating to school business relationship can be found in the Tennessee Internal School Uniform Accounting Policy Manual. There are several things that can withdraw to effective bookkeeping, and it is firstly important to emphasize basic and fundamental general rules before moving on to the specifics. Firstly, a record keeping must be orderly and complete. Any transaction including school funds should be kept in a safe location, organized by date and able to be recalled at will. Secondly, transparency is of fundamental importance. If any(prenominal)thing does seem to be amiss, it is my responsibility as principle to immediately publish a superior, and thus it is your responsibility to immediately notify me. ... These include funds of a variety of sources, including rental fees for non-district use of school property, student activity fees, donations, and even including cafeteria money. One of the most important and sometimes irking aspects of accounting is that specific fees sometimes need to be assigned to specific tasks, and cannot be used for other tasks. A schools general fund, which constitutes money gained for the transaction of a school, for instance, are only allowed to be use to supplement and not to replace the obligations of the school board, for instance. This means that wh ile the general fund should not be used for school repairs, for instance, which are the responsibility of the district. Thus it is important to keep auditors happy and the whole process smooth that we be very conservative when administering funds, keeping careful track of the money flow and be able to demonstrate that moneys collected under one fund, the general fund, for instance, are not used in inappropriate, or even seemingly inappropriate ways. Thus, it is incredibly important to keep strong firewalls between different kinds of funds used by the school, and flag any funds that might transfer between the two. Finally, it is of the greatest importance that enough internal controls are in place to ensure that the school is not shamed or defrauded, and that moneys are not misused. There can be very serious consequences from lack internal controls, including bank deposits being stolen, money being deviate for internal use, and so forth. This means things discussed above such as ph ysical control of records, but also daily tallying of bills flows in and out (in cafeterias, and with cash registers, for instance) as well as ensuring proper security

Written report of Ma Wan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Written report of Ma sickish - Essay ExampleAlthough Ma Wan is a small island, it has proved to be a flourishing destination for international and local tourists (Sewell & James, 1995). It has a number of leisure places such as the Ma Wan Park, Noahs Ark Museum, Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach overseen by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department and the Heritage Centre (Sewell & James, 1995).Ma Wan is an island and a relative small one and as such has a small number of inhabitants. One thing nonable is the old abandoned houses that are found in sections of the island. The governments seem to have prompted an order of business of relocating some of the locals to ease population in this area. The reduction of the population had fallen to 800 in 2008 (You Lin Xu, 2011). Abandoned shops are visible, and schools too, one being the Kei Wai Primary School indicating that the locals had not been alienated to the outside world.Religion integration is well-bonded in Ma Wan. Noahs Ark is also an important landmark in Ma Wan. It is based on the biblical story about Noah. The presence of temples has been an property of the preservation of Ma Wans religion. Presence of churches and temples places Ma Wan as a multi-religion region, and there has been a peaceful co-existence between these different groups. These indicates an important aspect of diversification around Ma Wan.Ma Wan transport has been significantly advanced, and the construction of Kap Shui Mun Bridge is an indication of this progress. However, though, the people of Ma Wan depend on water transport mainly to get to the mainland and also the tourists mainly use water transport as part of their leisure activities. Therefore, it is an indication that Ma Wan has limited connection of roads to the mainland of Hong Kong. As such, the locals offer transport services through boats. A lactate is also present in Ma Wan, and this has been as a result of the evacuation

The Step Pyramid of King Zjoser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The meter Pyramid of King Zjoser - Essay ExampleFrom this essay The Step Pyramid of King Zjoser it is clear, that Egypt is bordered by the Red Sea and Israel on the east side. (1) The country is divided into two extreme arid regions, The North-West flowing Nile River. The Nile starts 110 miles (162 km.) south of the Mediterranean and fans out to a sea front of 155 miles between the cities of Alexandria and Port Said. The ancient Egypt was divided into two major parts, rootage was black worldly concern, and another was red land.The black land was situated on the bank of the river Nile and it was very fertile land. The land was used for growing crops. This was the only land in Egypt which was formed due to a layer of rich, black silt, deposited there every year after the flood of the Nile. The Red Land was a arrant(a) desert that protected Egypt from its neighboring countries and invading armies. This region provided precious metals and semi-precious stones to Egyptians. The major responsible factor for flourishing the ancient Egyptian civilization is the river Nile. It is the gift given up by God to the Egyptian people. It is hardly possible to think Egyptian civilization without the river Nile. (2) The river Nile is the longest river in the world which is over 4000 miles long. The shape of Nile is like that of a lotus flower and it is always depicted in ancient Egyptian art. The river Nile has been playing a very crucial role in developing the Egyptian civilization. The Nile River plays very important role in giving food, water to the people.

Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology - Assignment ExampleVarious regions have their own endangered species for which the crisis mainly applies, unless in most general definitions, it is used to refer to the killing of the great apes and other primates (Jurmain 129). Possible solutions to this problem include increased conservation measures in the parks and wildlife reservations. Additionally, swoops could be made in hotspots and those arrested be given hefty fines and long sentences to deter the practice.Both humans and primates are kind beings, and this means that they exist in social settings and not in solitary existence. This trait exists between the ii groups, and though its for defense, it also aids in realizing a form of hierarchical structure. Additionally, both primates and humans consistently groom each other, as a form of social behavior that bonds them together (Jurmain 160). This is particularly due to the similarity in forelimbs, which enable both humans and primates use their fingers for grooming purposes. Moreover, both primates and humans appreciate territoriality and any two given factions have to respect the territoriality of each other. What is more, both humans and primates have a sense of communication, which is a behavioral trait that assists in maintaining the social structure of the groups.Primates have culture, and this is as defined by their behavior that is noticeable from various ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Shreeve (1991) depicts the various similarities that can be pinched from the behavior of primates and humans, and in most cases, the evidence of a culture is easily noticeable since both have one evolutionary background. One marginal representation of culture is the relatively advanced aspect of deception, which is a major survival tactic for primates. It is so well advanced that it is one of the most widely used mechanisms in the wild. The social nature of primates calls for the need for some culture, since there is bound to incre ased levels of

Doubt by John Patrick Shanley Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doubt by John Patrick Shanley - Assignment ExampleFor this reason, she harshly declares that the priests is a pedophile and must leave the naturalise immediately. Her doubt cannot be seen in a positive view as she has picked a very irreconcilable argument yet she has no evidence to aim that Father Flynn is guilty.Based on her interaction with people, Sister Aloysius reveals to be a distrustful person especially to men and that is why she thinks that Father Flynn is guilty of pedophile. She is a very strict person who thinks that teachers who are not doubtful are nave. When a boy nose-bleeds in class, she concludes that he induced the bleeding to commence out of class. She shows how strict and doubtful she is when she makes such utterances as There is a chain of discipline. Make use of it. (p.8), Every easy choice today result have its consequence tomorrow. (p.9), and The best teachers do not perform, they cause the students to perform, (p.11). When Sister James tells her that Fat her Flynn has always paid more attention to Donald Miller since he became an altar boy, she is certain that the Father has always had sexual interest in the boy or worse that the boy has already been violated by the priest. despite all the barriers preventing Sister Aloysius from finding the answers she is seeking, she still pushes the argument of Father Flynn too far as she is torn between her personal emotions and her role as a school principal. She wants to straighten the wrong which she perceives the priest is creating in the school. However, she does take it too far in her pursuit for the truth. When she says In the pursuit of wrongdoing, one steps extraneous from God. Of course, theres a price. I believe she stepped away from God by relying on her personal speculation to lie and contradict the same rules she is difficult to safeguard. She feels immature and selfish at the end of the parable due to her blind rampage as she declares I have doubts I have such doubts (58).

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas A. Khun Essay Example for Free

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas A. Khun EssayIn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas A. Khun argues that scientific progress is non a matter of the slow, steady accumulation of association over judgment of conviction hardly, earlier, that it is characterized by long-standing beliefs ab come in the world cosmos radic whollyy over moody by the find of unexampled information that fails to conform to existing frameworks. He also argues that the nature of the progress of comprehension tends to be mischaracterized in textbooks and in educational practices, which typically mould the progress of recognition as a cumulative acquisition of k nowadaysledge where wizard breakthrough follows logically from the last. In the essay, Khun make use ofs the term picture to describe what apprehension at large currently holds to be true about nature. The definition of a figure of speech is a temporal wizard idea to mixed bag and whatsoever given pers ona only survives so long as it is effectual to the working scientist. These figure of speechs I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time get out directionl problems and solutions to a participation of practiti one(a)rs (p. ix), he states in the books foreword. This definition of a scientific figure of speech is essential to Khuns reasoning. Kuhn goes on to deconstruct the functioning by which variations take place, how they argon generally brought to be accepted and how they influence the work and attitudes of the scientists that work at bottom their parameters. For Kuhn, a revolution in persona equals a revolution in acquisition. The ikon is central to the work of what Khun calls median(prenominal) apprehension which he defines as firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some fussy scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice. (p. 10) This is t he halt of text books, the academy and what forms the majority of scientific research.Much of approach pattern acquaintance concerns itself with playting what information is gathered by practitioners into the predefined stroke provided by the current range of a function. expound by the author as mopping up operations, these endeavors occupy the working lives of most scientist. Practitioners of normal science atomic number 18 non concerned with the discovery of immature information that fails to fit the existing paradigm (p. 24). In the study, the word paradigm has taken on a much less structured definition than that employ by Kuhn. A paradigm may well describe a current consensus of scientific thought and practice or it might describe a series of results expected of the practitioner by they who fund the experiments. It could describe a corporate paradigma word that corporations do non hesitate to use and stretch to the point of nonsense-that suffices as a working model for how the business at hand ought to be carried out. The use of the word paradigm in the workplace differs significantly from Khuns. Where Kuhn is careful to offer a clear, concise definition of the term, in the casual language of the workplace a paradigm can refer to nearly anything that serves as a model from which something is expanded. The story of the evolution of science is a story of one paradigm macrocosm replaced by another. For a in the raw paradigm to emerge, it must be so compelling and so better-suited to explaining the discovered universe that it draws scientists a air from the old paradigm which preceded it. It also must leave bountiful to be discovered that those who engage in research are compelled to embrace the mod paradigm (p. 10). Once the new paradigm becomes the establishment view, the work of normal science becomes concerned with refining the empirical research that necessitated the creation of the new paradigm. The work of gathering factual informati on about the universe and the influence of the current paradigm on that gathering is a defining sign of normal science. Kuhn breaks the process of fact gathering into three distinct categories the gathering of facts that the paradigm shows to be especially revealing the gathering of facts that can be compared to the predictions of the theory and, the gathering of facts which allow the resolution of ambiguities in the existing paradigm. The first type of fact gathering oft concerns itself with refining data to a greater degree of accuracy than was previously possible. The accuracy of the data scientists are able to gather using a refractor squeeze is far exceeded by the accuracy of the information they are able to gather with a radio telescope. The pursuit of such refinements takes up a great convey of the resources of normal science. It is precisely because the existing paradigm holds that the accuracy of data describing the position and movement of stellar objects is of the utm ost importance that resources are committed to such pursuits. In the field of normal science, a practitioner may become regarded as particularly accomplished through these endeavors. As Kuhn puts itFrom Tycho Brahe to E.O. Lawrence, some scientists accept acquired great reputations, not from any novelty of their discoveries, just from the precision, reliability, and scope of the methods they developed for the redetermination of a previously known phase of fact . (p. 26)In this instance, normal science seeks not to innovate, tho to refine the means by which the paradigm is validated. It is also imperative for the paradigm to more completely make useful predictions and a second focus of normal science concerns itself with this. To this end, specialized equipment is created that allows more precise measurements of pictorial phenomena which serves to bring data more in line with the predictions of the paradigm. In these cases, the paradigm not only dictates the question, but the m ethodology by which the answer is to be obtained.The existence of the paradigm sets the problem to be solved often the paradigm theory is implicated directly in the design of the apparatus able to solve the problem (p. 27). As Kuhn sees it, the machinery, method and the question itself all owe their design, and the nature of their application, to the paradigm they are intended to investigate. Kuhns third class of fact-gathering endeavors concerns itself with further refining the paradigm itself. This is the most grand class of fact-gathering in normal science (p. 27) and Kuhn divides it into subtypes, being those which seek to establish a mathematical uninterrupted, those which aim toward the creation of qualitative laws and those which aim to articulate a paradigm in ways that describe phenomena closely-related to those which the paradigm was originally designed to describe. He describes this third class of data-gathering activities as more closely resembling exploration than th e others (p. 29). Kuhn observes that normal science finds itself with a lot of mopping up to be done on behalf of the paradigm. Mopping up can be down the stairsstood as the work necessary to make findings fit the paradigm. Mopping up can also be belowstood by what it does not endeavor to do. standard science, in its mop up efforts, does not strive to find anomalies and novelties that do not fit within the relevant paradigm, nor does it tend to pay much attention to those anomalies it does discover. design scientists dont concern themselves with inventing new paradigms nor are they particularly tolerant of those who do (p. 24). season this could be interpreted as an excessively narrow, almost precepttic, situation, Kuhn holds that such experimentation facilitates advancement within the paradigm and, thus, the advancement of science as a whole. up to now though the work may be being done in the service of the paradigm more than in the interest of novel discovery, it still serv es a useful purpose. As in many a(prenominal) other instances in the book, Kuhn gives an historical example to shore up his argument. the men who designed the experiments that were to distinguish between the respective(a) theories of heating by compression were generally the same men who had made up the versions being compared. They were working both with fact and with theory , and their work produced not simply new information but a more precise paradigm, obtained by the elimination of ambiguities that the original from which they worked had retained(p. 34). In this way, normal science working under a paradigm does increase the accuracy and arrest of the natural world, however inflexible the basis for that work may be.An element of normal science that Khun finds characteristic is that it contains an aspect of puzzle-solving(p. 36). Puzzles are a category of problems that require one to think creatively to find a solution. What makes puzzles particularly relevant is that there is only one correct answer to the puzzle. While a puzzle-solver may find a novel way to fit together the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, it would be judged as wrong if that novelty did not result in the picture offered as the correct solution. Similarly, much of normal science concerns itself with finding answers which are known in advance of whatever effort is made to find them. A practitioner of normal science seldom sets out to conduct an experiment for which he does not already suspect he has the result. The power of the paradigm is to make those predictions accurately and the lure of the puzzle is that it presents a problem where the skill of the scientist can be find out by their ability to find answers that may have eluded previous researchers (p. 38). There is a certain addictive property in this, to be sure, particularly to those with the sort of curiosity-driven personality that lends itself to the practice of science. There must also be rules that limit both the nature of accep table solutions and the steps by which they are to be obtained (p. 38) . Again, the box with all its rigidity serves to paradoxically advance understanding the universe through its trim downions.There must be expectations for without expectations there is no way to define what is paradoxical no way to determine what is novel. Kuhn uses the example of a machine that measures wavelengths of light. The machines designer must demonstrate that they are, indeed, measuring the wavelengths of light as they are understood by current theory. Any unexplained anomalies that fail to fit with what is expected are likely to be seen as a flaw in the design of the experiment that renders its findings essentially useless (p. 39). There is an obvious workplace connection to Kuhns description of how a paradigm functions to at once restrict and advance science. Were an anomaly to become commonplace enough that it merited investigation, then perhaps resources and time will be allocated to that pursuit. However, the tendency of normal science being to ignore or suppress anomalous findings, it is more likely that those anomalies will be disregarded altogether for cause of their adding nonentity to the existing paradigm under which the scientists, and thus the workplace, operate. But, in cases where those anomalies cannot be ignored, where they are not truly anomalous but, rather, repeatedly-observed novel facts, the seeds for innovation are sewn. A novel discovery can rend a scientific paradigm and bring about changes that could have never been expected. After they novelties have become parts of science, the enterprise, at least(prenominal) of those specialists in whose particular field the novelties lie, is never quite the same again (p.52) . For a discovery to be truly novel, it must satisfy two criteria it must not be predicted by the current paradigm and it must be something for which the scientist was not prepared. When this situation occurs, the paradigm cannot simply be a dded to in order to explain the novelty. The scientist must contain to see nature in a assorted way (p. 53) beforehand the fact becomes a scientific fact. Seeing nature in a different way, however, presents a crisis. If the anomaly, upon investigation, becomes recurrent, a process starts where it becomes clear the that the paradigm must change. This cause a great deal of anxiety in the scientific community as a paradigm shift inevitably means that the techniques and foundations of science need rewritten. Kuhn remarks As one might expect, that insecurity is generated by the persistent failure of the puzzles of normal science to come out as they should. Failure of existing rules is the prelude to a search for new ones (p. 68).This is an important observation for the practicing scientist. While it is easy enough to regard anomalies as a failure of equipment design or of the practitioner, keeping ones mind open to the possibility that a novel, and potentially important, phenomena has been observed is imperative to the progress of science. Further study within the paradigm may serve to identify the anomalous as the norm and thereby advance the paradigm as a whole.The study of the anomalies within the paradigm is, perhaps ironically, the best way to advance the paradigm itself. So long as the tools a paradigm supplies continue to prove capable of solving the problems it defines, science moves fastest and penetrates most deeply through confident employment of those tools (p. 76). Khun regards the crisis as an opportunity. The signification of crises is the indication they provide that an occasion for retooling has arrived (p. 76) . Now that the crisis is at hand, what remains to be seen is how the scientific community will act toward it. It may seem that Kuhn is sometimes disparaging toward science for its rather strict bring togethernce to its guiding paradigms. However, there are counterinstances to any paradigm that occur in most any research and, therefore, any research presents crisis (p. 81).Normal science does well to be pragmatic in the face of anomalous data, if only for the sake of saving time and money that can be order toward more useful research. Scientists generally do not line up to renounce their existing paradigm in the face of anomalies. Even persistent anomalies that cannot be explained by a mistake do not generally present a crisis (p. 81). Oftentimes, continued work within the existing paradigm will serve to resolve the anomalies. Sometimes these counterinstances are set aside to be resolved later if they prove not particularly disruptive. The process of a paradigm being rewritten has its own historical pattern. All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research (p. 84) . When this occurs, science returns to a state similar to that which existed before the creation of the paradigm now in question. There is ambiguity, the opportunity for innovation and creati veness but within a small, clearly defined area. This situation, however, is where revolution is fermented. The building of the new paradigm is not a slow, cumulative process, it is a complete reconstruction of the field from new fundamentals (p. 85). There will be a period where both paradigms are used to solve problems but the difference between the means by which the problem is solved will be in spades different in each model. The process of redefining the paradigm is part of extraordinary science. When scientists are confronted with crises, they react by embracing different attitudes toward the existing paradigm.The proliferation of competing articulations, the willingness to try anything, the grammatical construction of explicit discontent, the recourse to philosophy and to debate of fundamentals, all these are symptoms of a transition from normal to extraordinary research (p. 91). After setting up the performing field, Kuhn begins to describe the actual process by which a re volution takes place. He references the nature of political revolution as a parallel. Political revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, often restricted to a segment of the political community, that existing institutions have ceased fair to middlingly to meet the problems posed by an environment that they have in part created (p. 92) .Possibly more than in any other part of the essay, Kuhn start to flex his intellectual power in this chapter. He uses as one example of the parallel the discovery of the X-ray. For most astronomers, x-rays presented no real problem and were easily enough assimilated into their existing paradigm. For a particular group of scientists, however, specifically those who worked with radiation theory or whose work involved the use of cathode ray tubes, x-rays violated the laws of the paradigm under which they worked. Like a political revolution, the new paradigm seeks to replace the old in part because the old paradigm does not allow for the existence of the new. They are not compatible in the same way that ruler by a hereditary monarch was not compatible with the new paradigm of representative democracy that characterized the American revolution. For there to be a need for a new paradigm, the old must be logically incapable of providing an explanation for the anomaly, or anomalies, that served as the impetus for its being questioned. It follows that the new paradigm must make predictions that are inherently different from those of its predecessor (p. 97). For the new to come into its own, parts of the old must be sacrificed (p. 93). As the crisis deepens, competing camps vie for relevance, each offering its own solution to the problem at hand. They each attract their adherence and the auspices of the old paradigm are no longer fitted to unite the divided camps. As is the case with political revolutions, there is a freewheeling period where there is no clear authority. The debate between the new paradigms is essential. Each one lures adherents with its promises of usefulness and its vision of life under the new paradigm. Scientists do not leave their paradigms easily. In fact, rather than being left out in the cold, most scientists will not reject their existing paradigm until a viable alternative is offered (p. 77). Kuhn holds that the study of persuasive argument is as important as the study of logical and reasoned argument in periods during which practitioners are undertaking the process of finding a viable alternative to a no-longer adequate paradigm (p. 94). Kuhn holds that scientific revolutions invariably resolve with the world view of the scientific community having been forever changed (p. 111). What was once familiar is now new, what was once established as accurate is now proven to be something less than that by the new paradigm.Paradoxically, the new perception depends upon the new paradigm just as the old mode of seeing the world depended upon adherence to the discarded paradigm. Without a po int of reference, the world becomes incoherent. Where scientific revolutions are concerned, there may be a shift in paradigm but there is always a paradigm, whether it be contemporary or past its relevance. As Kuhn argues in previous chapters, it is from this structure that innovation flows and, therefore, the constant presence of a paradigm is not necessarily a failing on the part of science. Though the world of science may have been turned on its ear, one is unlikely to ever get this impression from textbooks and courses. The paradigm, once established, becomes victim to what Khun calls the invisibility of scientific revolutions. This could be seen as a true failing in the scientific community. Like those that ferment and enable political revolutions, scientists tend to rewrite explanation in such a way that omits the conflict, controversy and creativity that led to the revolution that gave birth to the current paradigm.scientists are more affected by the temptation to rewrite h istory, partly because the results of scientific research show no obvious dependence upon the historical context of the inquiry, and partly because, expect during crisis and revolution, the scientists contemporary position seems so secure (p. 138). Thus, this remarkable history of revolution in thought, in practice and in humankinds knowledge of the universe is glossed over in textbooks. The revolutions that once turned the world on its ear, at least for scientists, become the realm of normal science and the practitioners go back to mopping up world to make it conform to the predictions of the new paradigm just as they did in the service of the old. Kuhn makes his case mostly by citing textbooks as an example of how history is rewritten but, since text books are the tool of the trade where the teaching of science is concerned, the significance is obvious. However, the way in which the paradigm is regarded has its advantages.once the acceptance of a common paradigm has freed the sci entific community from the need constantly sic re-examine its first principles, the members of that community can concentrate exclusively upon the subtlest and most esoteric of the phenomena that concern it. Inevitably, that does increase both the effectiveness and the efficiency with which the group as a while solves new problems (p. 164) .Here, again, is the theme of the box of the paradigm allowing scientists to explore beyond its limits. The efficiency with which scientists can work under a shared paradigm and the reliable set of tools with which it provides them are priceless. Perhaps, this is the reason the scientific community works so hard to preserve whatever paradigm is relevant at the time it is not the fear of the new but the fear of the loss of what has proven itself valuable. What is interesting about Kuhns essay is that he does not use the word truth-excepting in a quotation from Francis Bacona fact that he point out himself (p. 170). Kuhn holds that there may not be a need for any such fantastic goal. Can we not account for both sciences existence and its success in term of evolution from the communitys state of knowledge at any given time? (p. 171) This is a powerful idea. Perhaps, a better understanding of the universe is not a goal but a thing better defined-and accomplished-if it is understood to be an ongoing process. Kuhn also provides a powerful question for those who would regard, or characterize, science as a form of dogma Does it really help to imagine that there is some one full, objective, true account of nature and that the proper measure of scientific achievement is the extent to which it brings us closer to that ultimate goal? (p. 171) A poignant question, indeed. Is there an endpoint to science? Is there a point where there will be nothing left to learn, nothing left to explore and when the collected work of science will entail all that there is to know about the universe? If history is any indication, such a situation is unlik ely. The story of science, and Kuhn argues this convincingly, can be seen as a continuing process without any particular goal in site.There may be the subset of goals toward which the practitioner of normal science works, but these are simple goals relating to the desired outcome for one experiment or another, not goals set for science as a whole. That is to say, to work toward a better understanding of the orbit of Jupiter is not to work toward anything so esoteric as a better understanding of the universe, it is to simply add to the ongoing process of scientific revolution by examining one subset of data within a paradigm.The value of Kuhns essay extends beyond what value it may have to practitioners of science. It provides a framework that can help anyone, scientist or not, understand the means by which science determines what is an accurate description of the natural world. Science currently finds itself challenged on many fronts for many reasons, most of them having little to d o with science and a great deal to do with politics and theology. Kuhns essay provides a potent reply to the casting of science as dogmatic or religious in nature. Personally, I witness that this book is of the utmost value to anyone engaged in the practice of science at any level. What Kuhn manages to do in this essay is to communicate what amounts to an understanding of understanding itself. The scientific method has proven over and over again to be the most accurate means that creation has devised to make sense of the universe. But science must strive to understand itself as much as it strives to understand the universe. The only sure protection against dogmatism is the acknowledgement that all theories are temporal, subject to unexpected and radical change and that they function to explain nature as it is currently understood. There is an important distinction between our current understanding of the universe, our paradigm, and the reality of the universe. Our understanding is always limited to the cumulative experiences of scientists past and present, which, along with those significant moments of revolution have provided the best means available to make accurate and useful predictions. The nature of science, however, is one of constant evolution.As Kuhn argues, this evolution is not a process remarkable for its consistency so much as it is a process remarkable for being punctuated by research and discoveries that cause huge leaps forward in understanding. A scientist who does not understand this may well find themselves consigned to a life of puzzle-solving exercises designed to confirm what is already known rather than experiencing what I would submit is the true passion-inducing aspect of science, the discovery of novel facts that turn the world of science upside down and test the limits of the scientific communitys ability to assimilate and understand those discoveries.Probably the most radical contrast between science and dogma is that science, in its best practice, never shies away from examining itself, its conclusions and the accuracy of the beliefs it encourages. It may not submit itself easily to such tests but it will given time and the impetus of novelty. Kuhns essay provides a means by which one might acquire much insight into the workings of science and the scientific community and it provides a celebration of the many crises that have pushed science, and therefore humanity, forward in thought and understanding. I find myself in agreement with Kuhns conclusions about the ways in which the scientific community reacts to and eventually assimilates novel discoveries. Science, indeed, has been forced to concede long-held beliefs about the universe in the presence of new evidence which did not fit with old paradigms. The case of the evolution of life, where scientists once worked mightily to ensure that there was some room for theology, is one such instance. In the face of Darwins observations, science was forced to accep t a new paradigm where the nature of living organisms was changed not by providence but by the environments in which they lived.More importantly than Darwins impact on theological theories of evolution, or the lack thereof, however, was the concept that evolution was not a goal-driven process (p. 171). This conflicted not only with the theologians of Darwins time, but with the accepted scientific theories, the paradigm, of biology as well. No longer was the march of life seen as a march forward toward any particular destination.It had now been more accurately described as a process dictated by the situations of individual organisms rather than the result of some grand design. There was no particular better or worse aspect to the wildlife on the Galapagos evolving to fit the islands on which they lived, the modifications inherited by way of natural selection simply flowed from the natural environment and, given a different environment, they would change again. From that new paradigm and from the practitioners of normal science who worked and continue to work within it came modern medicine, agricultural practices and many, many more achievements that are directly traceable to the current paradigm where life is believed to have evolved into its present state over billions of years of slow, cumulative changes. Without the flexibility to change the existing paradigm, we may have found ourselves unavailed of the knowledge of the double-helix, the methods by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics and the roots of genetic disease.As Kuhn points out, a radical paradigm shift such as that started by Darwin is necessary for a scientific revolution but the work of those practicing normal science, the geneticist working in the lab, the geologist using the paradigm that explains how a layer of rock strata may be assigned a probable age, the physicist whose work allows for technology such as carbon dating, are all as necessary for the acquisition of a better and m ore accurate understanding of the universe as is the revolution itself. And, further, that paradigm-driven research is the usual means by which revolutions in the scientific paradigm come to pass. That puzzle-solving work of the normal scientist will always draw some to the practice of science. The allure of finding a solution, of ones research becoming part of the evidence that defines the current scientific understanding of the universe is a powerful one and one that should be encouraged. Normal science may have its elements of drudgery and it could be characterized as only confirming what is already known but that would be inaccurate. Science forms theories based on facts.The power of science to constantly discover new facts about our universe has for a long time been a source of hope and inspiration to humanity as a whole. However, the work of better refining our understanding is of equal value. Science must keep an open mind while continuing to adhere to the paradigms that have provided the best answers. Kuhns observant, thoughtful and enlightening essay provides a means for practitioners to better understand the importance of both.ReferencesKuhn, T. (1991). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd Ed. clams The University of Chicago Press.