Communications in Society Essay Example for Free

Communications in Society EssayMGMT 351 Exam 1Directions Respond to five of the following questions. Responding to much than five get out not earn extra credit. If you decide not to follow this direction, the five lowest scoring answers will constitute the grade for this test.There are some master(prenominal) considerations for successful completion of the text 1. Accurate information is important, and it must directly address the question. 2. Use all terms appropriately.3. Several questions have more than one and only(a) part. Complete and accurate answers will earn maximum credit. Make sure that all of the requested information is provided. 4. Each complete and accurate answer is worth(predicate) 20% of the grade for this exam. 5. Assignments are automatically sent through Turnitin to check for appropriate use of material (e.g. paraphrasing, citations). Make sure that your work follows all the guidelines for faculty member honesty. 6. Use the numbers as here listed. Do n ot renumber.7. Watch the deadline. Late exams will not receive credit. 8. Answers must reflect college level composing skills, i.e. clear sen decennaryce construction and correct spelling, grammar and use of punctuation. Deductions from the test score will be made for failure to meet this standard. 9. If anything is unclear, ask rather than bust it doesnt make a difference.To complete this exam, follow these steps1. Download this exam and save it as a MSWord document.2. Read through all the questions and deal those you will attempt to answer. 3. Provide complete and accurate answers to those five questions. 4. Save.5. Post your saved response to the exam under the Assignment by the deadline for this assignment.Questions1. Effective organizational communion is truly an interactive process. The people taking part in the discourse exchange must listen carefully and respond accurately to the different interactants. There are ten elements that contribute to interactive communicati on (see Figure 1.2 on page 5 of your text). Using an example from your own experience, identify how these ten elements impacted the communication process, making sure to accurately label all ten.2. Organizational philosophy has significant influence on management practice and communication in an organization. Briefly distinguish between classical, humanistic and systems theories. Now describe possible impact of each of these perspectives on the writing of job descriptions. Be specific.3. strategic communication relies on effective tactics in foursome areas. Name them and define them. Now consider this situation and apply what you know about these four areas to this situationNext week, Clark will be giving a very important bud ask proposal presentation. This could be a boost to his career, or a bust. If he hopes to have his proposal accepted, he needs to be strategic in the plan and delivery for this presentation. How should he use the four areas of strategic communication to accom plish his goals?4. What is communication anxiety, what role does it play in communication, and what are the causes? Choose five of these causes and offer suggestions for effectively managing anxiety resulting from each of these causes.5. What is organizational culture and how does it notice standards for communication, both internally and externally? Next, as an advisor to someone considering joining an organization, direct your advisee to some avenues to explore to discover what is the culture of an organization in recite to determine if this is the right organization for your advisee to join. Lastly, how important is cultural match?6. The American culture is certainly not uniform. There are considerable differences in how members post the world (e.g. values, beliefs, opinions, etc.). Not using national origin/heritage (e.g. Italian-American), choose three subcultures present in the American workforce and explain how the values and beliefs of each subcultures impact how those em ployees behave at work.7. Communication competence is based on interactive listening. Questioning techniques improve listening by making the speaker more efficient, and they facilitate goal accomplishment. Imagine that you are a manager who has been approached by a subordinate who manages others, i.e. you are the managers manager. One of the managers subordinates, who up until recently has been a good performer, has been making significant mistakes lately. Using all of the five types of questions, help the manager design his/her own set of questions to get to the issues behind this dwindling performance. Make sure to accurately label each type of question used. Lastly, explain how this strategy is likely to help the manager correctly identify the performance issues involved.8. Name and define each of the three Ds. Then list two consequences and two strategies for overcoming each of these problems.9. Put yourself in a work environment. List all, naming at to the lowest degree five, of the nonverbal messages you notice, making sure to accurately label each. Now summarize the impact of this combination of nonverbal messages on the people working there. Is it a positive impact? Lastly, if you could change any of these messages by instituting a new personnel policy, what would you do and what would the policy facet like?10. Does gender make a difference in how employees communicate in the workplace? Using specific examples, support your conclusion. Now think of a time when communication was effective during communication involving coworkers of the opposite sex. Lastly, describe a time when communication between members of both sexes was not effective. What could have been done other than? Be specific.11. Leaders step up when needed. Will you recognize when you should rise to a leadership position? First, write down the names of leaders (at least 3) that you admire or seek to emulate. Explain what you find admirable in their leadership styles. Now, choose at leas t one, of these leaders and note a situation in which he or she acted as a leader. Be prepared to discuss what elements of the situation combined with elements of the leaders ability to lead resulted in an effective combination. Do you have any of the same leadership characteristics in common with their chosen leader or any of the other leaders? How will you recognize the right combination of situation and style for you to be a leader?12. Managing change is something good leaders expect and have developed the skills requisite to be successful. Imagine yourself as a leader of the following organizationYou are the CEO of a playing card company that has existed since 1889. Your company began producing its number one electronic playing card game game in 1970 and has been highly successful. Now in the electronic age, it is important to acknowledge the lack of hand-held playing cards and embrace the video game era. You want to eliminate all hand-held playing cards from the company plan but the employees who have been around for a while wish to keep the cards around. How can you manage this change and the anxiety that it produces in your employees? General answers are not enough to earn points on this question. Identify specific steps you will take to achieve desired outcomes.

Importance of Honesty

Importance of HonestyThe importance of seriousy is a value that has always been taught in the family, society and school. Honesty is a value that has many advantages and disadvantages. In occasions it is better to non say things because they will hurt the others. But then it is important to be impartial with throng. Because this way you will earn mints respect. After looking at many translations of truthfuly, the best one or the one that fits this particular context is the followingHonesty has its advantages and disadvantages. This is normal it is standardised resembling to fact that if white exists black must in like manner exist in order to contrast. The good thing well-nigh being honest is that good deal manpowertion its ideals they show who they ar. They do non lie because of the fear of being judged.The disadvantage of being honest is that it will hurt others, and that it strength break up relations. In occasions the truth hurt and people do non want to hear the truth and they becharm upset with the person that is discovering them the truth. definition http//www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/12/13/jun05.aspHonesty is the main reason to sureness a person. It is the instrument to talk with the truth and win others trust. A person that has won its friend trust is a person that is honest. The society as well as its family members will baffle confidence and feel that they squirt intrust on the person.When people atomic number 18 honest they begin to acquire fame. If you have good fame, it will be easier to have friends are you will feel n a good environment. Being honest also helps, because if you have nothing to hide, the behavior you will have is a relaxed one. But on the other paw when a person is not honest it is always worrying that the lies he has told are going to be discovered. He will always have to be careful, with each move or comments he makes.There are many forms of not being honest, one of them is when details are omitted or avoid ed. This is the most commonplace form of being dishonest. The other form is when you make up lies in order to favor someone or achieve something.When people are not being honest it is because they fear that if they are honest something bad will happen. For example, women are more honest than man. When a women sees her friends boyfriend with some other girl. She will bid her friend and tell her about her boyfriend. Even though she is conscious that she might lose her friends friendship but she mute tells the truth. Unfortunately people interpret this as being a nosy person. This is not true because woman only watch each others back. Woman also do not want to do to others what they dont want to be done to them. Another example of being honest is when women ask each other, how they look and if that stuff suits them. They are always telling the truth.On the other hand men do not act this way, they always say what they k right away will get him something in exchange. They have the c ourage or can stand being with another person even though they are married or have a girlfriend. They are not honest and many times do it with this and feel no regret what so ever. Thanks to this it always attributed hat men cannot be loyal, that they are unfaithful because of their nature.A person that is not honest, is a person that is hated because everyone look that he is a hypocrite and that they dont deserve the friendship. Or when they really need the help, no one will be there for them, because it will be very hard to difference when they are honest or dishonest.The books that are being analyzed are The Pilots wife and the color of water. They show why it is important to be honest and how this affects peoples lives and change their lives. In the pilots wife dickhead was not being honest with his wife, and the consequence of this was that even though he was dead his wife lost the confidence she had in him. She no longer believed the things he told her, or the love he had t owards her. He was not honest with himself because he wanted to live a lie. And he did not want to be conscious and accept the things he did were bad, and that he was only making his wife suffer. twat did not realize that magnitude of the problem he was getting in to just because he was not honest. After his death many people image that bullshit had not been honest with society. Apparently the way in which jack died was considered a suicide and not an accident. His friend and relatives could not believe this, they belief that jack had a nice life and that he did not have any problems that would take him to do such an act. They also felt bad for Kathryn and her daughter, especially now that they knew that jack was not being honest with them. And that he had a double life.In the pilots wife there are many lies. some of the characters were not honest they were not honest with themselves and were not honest with the society. For example jack was not honest with his wife, Kathryn. He never told her that he had two families. This serve talks bad about jack, because he was not honest with her. If jack was really in love with Kathryn he would have been honest. It is better to be honest even though this was going to hurt them. He should have thought in the consequences of his lies.Jack was not honest in many things and to many people he was not honest to his daughter. If he had a good relationship with her he could have had the confidence to tell her the truth. But he preferred to live a lie. He also lied about his mother he made everyone think that she was dead. When she was alive, only after jacks death did they catch out the truth.At the end of the book Kathryn, has not learned the lesson, because she is not honest, she goes and visits jacks other wife. But she doesnt reveal the identity she does not trust the other woman, or maybe thinks that now that jack is dead it is not important to clear things up. Kathryns form f behavior is not correct, because she doe s not have the right to chose and lie to another person. Well maybe not lie, but the fact that she is not being honest.Apparently both characters from this book still have not at a lower placestood completely the importance of honesty in their lives. These characters are not adolescents and thereby know how to difference good from bad. This criteria or exponent is developed as time passes.At home it is very common that parents are always telling their pincerren to be honest and t not tell lies, because sooner or later the truth is reveled and when this happens everyone gets hurt. Because they feel betrayed, or feel they no longer know that person.The color of water, in this book honesty plays a very important role. This is because honesty is something that was not present in the book. But it played an important role. The story talks about James and how he discovers his heritage, and familys background. James is a black person, but his mother is white, he does not understand why h is mother is white and he is black. When he was a child he thought that he was adopted. He grew up thinking that his mom was not honest with him. That she was lying to him about many things.Because of this activeness James doesnt trust her. Only after he has started a deep investigation he realizes that his suspects were true but in the way in which he thought. He realized that his mother was not being honest because it was something painful for her to remember. Her past was full of pain and bad things. After James knows the entire story about his mom he tries to justify her acts and then realized that he has done badly in not trusting his mother. All though his mother was not completely honest but she had her reason.In this case honesty had disadvantages which were that James got hurt when he knew the truth about his father, and that his grandparents will never accept him because he is black, the main reason why his mother ran away from home was because she was in love with a black man and her family especially her parents totally disapproved this.This book has a lot of secrets and mysteries, all about James childhood and his mother background. The mother keeps her pregnancy as a secret by several years. As a consequence this brings a lot o f honestys problems.This is the type of thing that will hurt others and she tried to be very circumspect about these issues. She did not want things like these to be known. She did not want to be honest with her family because she knew that they would not support. That is what she decided to abort the baby she knew her situation and thought in the baby. At that time Ruth was too young and knew that she would not be able to care for the baby. She understood her situation by being honest with herself.. Ruth has no idea why two of her mothers sisters have not spoken for decades their syndrome is kept secret. Ruth also kept the secret of Tatehs sexual treat of her. These secrets from the past live in the present, haunting Rut h and complicating her relationship with her family.Mamehs sisters were more about money than anything else, and any hurts that popped up along the way, they just swept them under the rug. They were all trying hard to be American, you know, not knowing what to keep and what to leave behind. Ruths family was being honest and dishonest at the same(p) time they were honest because they said the truth about not liking blacks. They were lying to themselves, when they started to hide their back ground and wanted to be completely Americans. In their attempt to wanting to be more American they lost their essence and lied to everyone.Honesty can harm people because if you are honest, people might take this as something bad. For example if Ruth tells others that her parents or racist, the society will also think she has this behavior and might not want to be with her.In both books the presence of honesty is very important, especially in the development of the story. The good things that can b e taken from these books are that they teach honesty as the best policy.These books show that honesty has good and bad things at the same time. In the pilots wife it is completely unacceptable to be honest. The action of not being honest, harmed many people, the consequence of this was not suffered only by the wife but by the society. After this everyone lost hope in Jack he no longer was the respected Pilot, he was at the beginning. Quote take by internet http//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006040520860At the end he was the liar, the one who cheated on his wife, among other things that were discovered as the novel developed.The topics and themes used in these books are topics which are reflected in our society. Not many people are honest with themselves, they invent things in order to feel good, or they think it is better to live in a world that they have invented or created to their convenience.A situation in which honesty can be avoided ad its consequences are not that ba d, is in Ruths situation. When she took the decision to leave her family and change her name, she did not think this would bring her consequences. And it did not matter, it stared to be important when, James grew up and started questioning his mother. When he was a child and could not understand why he had another skin color, when she was the woman that gave birth to him. He did not understand if he came out of his mother, why were they so different.As a conclusion I can say that be a honest person is very important because you have the opportunity to be a better human being and also people will trust in you. When you are not honest you are involucrate in many problems and you are not happy so I consider that the best way to enjoy the life is always saying the true.

Potato Production and Marketing in Sri Lanka

Potato payoff and Marketing in Sri LankaPotato which conventionally liberal through sow in tubers, is an important stray in Sri Lanka for its lavishly consumer electence and for high net profit. However, white murphy vine demands a heavy investment of ab start Rs.300, 000 per Hect atomic number 18 (Ha) during the vagabondping effect in which seed material solely accounts for about 50-60% of the cost of production.Potato originated in Andes high tears in Peru and Europeans1and it was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1850s. At present white tater vine is extensively cultivated in the district of Nuwara Eliya in both major(ip) seasons, Yala (Feb July) and Maha (Aug Dec.). It is besides replete(p)ly large(p) in Badulla District in paddy fields and high lands during Yala and Maha seasons respectively.. Jaffna and Puttlam argon the early(a) twain districts where the white tater is grown in lesser fulfilment. Potato is the most popular tog of upcountry makeers due to it s high net return.2Potato popularly k todayn as The pouf of vegetables, has emerged as one of the most important food crop in Sri Lanka after rice, and few other crops corresponding chilies, onion, maize etc.. Therefore, Potato production in Sri Lanka is largely for the topical anaesthetic food trade and vegetable basket in the country is incomplete without Potato. Beca white plague, the dry discipline, edible energy and protein content of spud makes it nutritionally superior vegetable as well as staple food in our country. Hence, potato may prove to be a useful shit to achieve the nutritional security of the nations in the any country.3The production of tripicularly high value gold crops such as potatoes, chilies, and big onion, has been decreasing everywhere the past decade. In addition, the cost of production of these crops is relatively high when comp bed to the other countries in the region. Local aimrs assume had difficulty competing with imports of these commodit ies. This can be primarily attri scarcelyed to the peace of mind of import restrictions by the government in 1996. Farmers are now confronted with severe difficulties in selling their products due to the availability of cheaper imports. Potato production has decreased from 88,709 MT in 2002 to 60,848 MT in 2009. Potato imports in 2009 were estimated at 99622 MT, which accounts for 80 per cent of the local requirement. More than 80 per cent of total imports are from India, china and Pakistan. Until 1996, potato remained a highly protected crop.4However, in recent years, the cost of production, estimated at around Rs 35.00 45.00 per kg, has remained extremely high and poor yield has eroded the positiveness of this crop.Based on these economic scenarios of the potato production and merchandise, this paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing placement in Sri Lanka.CHAPTER TWOMETHODLOGYAI MThis paper is trying to review and analysis of major characteristics, recent developments and changes (Opportunities and Challenges) of the potato production and marketing ashes in Sri Lanka. avowal OF THE PROBLEMPotatoes become leading and lagging sub kitchen-gardening sector of the economy. In recent years, Potato Crisis confront to the agricultural development scenario in Sri Lanka, are attributing the high incidence of farmers agitation, hunger strikes and many other forms of farmers demonstrations. A sharp decline of producer bells of potatoes, imports of potatoes and import liberalization, increased of cost of production and high worths of farm inputs, crop loss and market failures are the leading issues that encourage them to protest. Therefore, these empirical evidence reveals that thither are some extents of the ailing features of crisis on the potato farming sector in Sri Lanka, and it can be concluded that the process of production and marketing of potato in farming sector is in wrong track. At presently, potato farming is struggling to rural adjust on economic, social and political reality. In the changing global economic scenario, they are now veneer new challenges of improving the production of potatoes and finding new technologies at the farm level. The incidence of pauperization and income inequalities in these communities has considerably widespread due to these reasons.RESEARCH surmisalSince the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they try to market their products.GENERAL OBJECTIVEThis research paper reviews and analysis of the major characteristics of the potato production and marketing system in Sri Lanka and, since the imported potato is cheaper than the domestic potato, its effects and impacts on local production.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESSpecific Objectives of the research are as follows.a. To review and analyze the major characteristics of production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka.b. To identify and examine the contributing factors of the process of production and marketing sector.c. To review the problems and constrains on the process of production and marketing.d. To make some suggestions for future development of the potato production in Sri Lanka.JUSTIFICATION OF THE playing fieldPotato has been one of the leading cash crops grown in Sri Lanka and the annual production is average 76,000 metric tons. The land utilization of the potato cultivation is nearly 4500 hectare5. elevate a crop of potato has high income capability and during the last decade it was identified that thousands of farmers became rich.Study on the review and analysis of the major characteristics, recent developments and changes of the potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka will be important for formulation and implementation of the policies and making decisions to up lift the dying potato cultivation in Sri Lanka.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYfundamentally this resea rch is based on the Case Study Approach.METHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONData has been collected through two sources as primary and secondary winding datas.Primary Data. The primary data has been collected by administering a questionnaire among the identified sample of 25 potato farmers and also by interviewing the potato farmers and distributors. col later(a)ral Data. Secondary Data has been collected by examining documents and reports available at the Agricultural Department and Agricultural Library at Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYTime allocation for the research was limited. Therefore, it has non been able to research all the subject areas as well as go into detailed study.The collection of data for the research was limited as the time duration for the research was limited.No field visits or other experiences carried out.CHAPTER THREELITERATURE REVIEWHISTORY AND yield TRENDSThe successful cultivation of potatoes was first recorded in Sri Lanka in 1812, when it was introduced in Morawak Korale. Others like Abeyaratna (1985) contend that the potatoes were, probably, introduced by the Dutch who ruled the coastal areas from 1656 to 1792. Attempts at outgrowth potatoes in the center of the present potato producing area were make by Samuel Baker around in 1850. However, it was only in 1909 that the local potatoes of Uruguay origin were grown at Hakgala Gardens. Later some British planters in the country at the time cultivated potatoes in their home gardens for their own use. Mean tour the Department of horticulture was concerned with potato cultivation for a considerable period (Mahakumbura, 1980).6In 1948, the Department of Agriculture began working on potatoes, devoting the first few years to study the cultivars suitable for growing, cultural practices, fertilizer applications and control of gadflys and diseases. The cultivation of potatoes on a large scale was started in 1951/52, but it failed due to vario us reasons. Cultivation was once again attempted in 1957 in Badulla and Nuwara Eliya districts, but the farmers were non able to get a reasonable income because imported table stock potatoes were available in the local market at a very low price. When the government stopped the import of table stock potatoes in 1967 to encourage local production, the farmers once again started to cultivate this crop. This strategy was immediately successful and there was a rapid expansion of the acreage of potatoes.Production. The total extent of potato in Sri Lanka is 4,039Ha. In the underlying highland of Sri Lanka, potato is grown mainly in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts. The total extent cultivated under this crop in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla districts accounted for 725Ha and 3345Ha respectively (Department of Census and Statistics, 2009). The total potato production in 2009 amounted to 61705 Mt. Nuwara Eliya potato production was 12212 Mt and Badulla was 48,982 Mt and other districts rec orded 511Mt to the total production7. Potato cultivation is an integral part of the up country vegetable farming system. It was continue as the most popular farming system in the up country area because of its high income generating potential. In general the potato production in up lands beings from the cultivation of imported seeds in up lands in the Maha season. The large part of the up land reap is investment trustd for 2.5-3 months and then ingrained in low lands followed by the rice crop. The most part of the Yala harvest comes to the market at the early part of the next year.Seasons. In Nuwara Eliya, planting is done twice, once in the months of February to March which is harvested in June-July, and again in August to September to harvest in the months of January or February. In Badulla also potatoes are grown twice a year. The seeding is done in November-December is harvested in March-April, while the June-July planting is harvested in the month of October-November. In Jaf fna and Puttalam, only one crop is grown which is sown in November-December and harvested in the month of March (Angammana, 1983).Seed Sources And Varieties. Annually, the Department of Agriculture of Sri Lanka imports 300-3500 tons of certified seed from European countries8. The certified seed has come from Holland, Germany, Denmark and Scotland in recent years. Normally the seed material is imported once a year.The varieties Desiree and Arka have been the most popular varieties of Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna farmers for the last few years. Because these varieties have generally provided good yields. Recently the variety Ishna was introduced in the Nuwara Eliya and Budulla districts where it has produced higher yields than Desiree and Arka.Production. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined drift in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production o f this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A outstanding shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline.Weather, poor storage conditions, diseases and availability of good seed are the major problems in potato production in Sri Lanka. Most of the growers in the up country depend on natural precipitation while growers in the coastal districts (Puttalam and Jaffna) use irrigation. If the rainfall in the up country fails, potato production in the other areas is affected because of the short supply of seed potatoes. The next major limit point is the poor storage facility on most farms where seed potatoes are kept in boxes in the farmers home.Storage. Many types of storage are used to store potatoes. The locally produced seed potatoes in Nuwara Eliya are stored in seed potato stores in Nuwara Eliya and Rahangala.. The stores in Nuwara Eliya can keep seed for a longer period of time compared with Rahangala because of climati c conditions. The seed purchased in June and July is stored in trays up to November-December and sent to the major potato producing areas such as Jaffna and. In Rahangala stores, seed potatoes are stored in bulk to a height of one meter but no forced ventilation is provided.Normally farmers store their seed potatoes in boxes and keep them in their homes where ventilation is very low, causing high temperatures and heavy loss in storage.POTATO CULTIVATION IN SRI LANKAPotatoes in Sri Lanka are mainly grown in three districts, namely Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, and Jaffna. However, there are namely areas that potato can be cultivated. Such as Puttalam, Kalpitiya, Rathnapura, Kandy etc. However, Due to many reasons cultivation are strictly limited to the to a higher place areas.Nuwara Eliya. The climate of Nuwara Eliya district is ideally suited for seed potato production. The peak periods of planting are during the months of August-September (Yala planting) and February-March (Maha planting ). Planting cannot be done in May, June and July because of the heavy winds and rain. Similarly production in December and January is restricted because of the night frost in these two months.Badulla. In Badulla there are two planting seasons, one in the uplands in November-December (Maha planting) and the other in June-July (Yala planting) in the paddy fields of lowlands after the rice harvest. A large area is planted in the June-July planting. The farmers use only imported seed for the November-December planting and their own seed for June-July planting.Jaffna. In the existing climatic conditions in Jaffna, only one crop a year is possible. Potatoes are planted in November after heavy rains in October. Cool night temperature during December and January help in tuber unveiling and formation, resulting in fairly high yields. The Jaffna farmers obtain their seed from the government farms and contract growers in Nuwara Eliya. Puttalam is another district having a similar climatic con dition as Jaffna where the cultivation of potatoes has started recently. outturnS AND ITS MAJOR CHARACTERISTICSThe potato is an important commodity in the countries of South Asia. Because of the crops short vegetative cycle, the potato plays an important role in the regions food security. The potato in Asia and especially in the South Asia region has experienced the worlds highest annual growth rate in production over the past three decades.9 within global scenarios, the position on production and marketing of potato in Sri Lanka is somewhat different. During the last decade, the production of potato crop followed a volatile and declined trend in late 1990s. Period of 1980s to early 1990, potato production significantly increased. Post 1996, however, the domestic production of this crop began to decline as restrictions on imports were liberalized. A dramatic shift in area out of this crop primarily contributed to the production decline. The chassis 1 has sufficiently explained the changes and fluctuations of land extent of potato from 1970 to year 2009 in Sri Lanka.10About 99 percent of the total land of potato cultivation are concentrated in two districts of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla . The highest amount of land of potato cultivation and lager number of farmers were in Budulla, while, more commercial oriented and lesser number of potato farmers were in Nuwara Eliya district. The distribution of land extent for potato crop growing in each district as shown in Figure 3.It is obvious to note that the Potato cultivation in other areas in the country has strictly limited due to many reasons. However, there are many possibilities and potentialities for extended to this crop in other districts of the country.Production of potatoes is mainly depending on the extent of lands. Production trend of potato, during the last 39 years are evidently shown in the Figure 2. Increase trend of production has commenced in 1978 and it had continued up to year in 1996. After that, p roduction has widely fluctuated. Declined of land extent, changes of government policies, removing of import restrictions and imports of large quantities of potatoes, low farm gate prices are the key contribution factors for the stagnation and declining trend of production in recent pasts.Figure 4. has provided the detail distribution of production quantities in each district of Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. jibe to Figure.4, in early 1990s, both districts were produced in similar amount of quantities of potatoes. After 1997, quantity produced in Badulla district had remarkably improved. Badulla is more than double that the potato produced in Nuwara Eliya distict, where production trend has declined in recent years.MARKETING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICESAssembling is the first step in marketing of farm products. It involves collection of fine surpluses from number of small farms scattered over large areas and bulking the same for subsequent distribution in volume. The agencies engaged in the assembling of potato are as belowa. Producersb. colonisation Merchantsc. Itinerant Merchantsd. Wholesale Merchantse. Commission Agentf. Producers Co-operative SocietiesMajor Assembling Markets. The major assembling markets are located in city of Nuwera Eliya, Badulla, Welimada and other few rural and urban centers of Kandapola, Ragala, Maturata, Kappetipola, Walapane and Mandaramnuwara. These key assembling markets in major producing areas send their collections to terminal wholesale markets of Colombo, Dambulla and Kandy while sending some stocks to other small regional markets.Distribution, wasting disease and Marketing. After keeping their requirement of seed, the farmers sell the balance of the harvest immediately, either to the Marketing Department of Sri Lanka or to private dealers. Most farmers prefer to sell their produce to the private dealers as they pay a higher price. The price of potatoes fluctuates widely throughout the year. Because of the coincidence of harvest in Jaffna, Puttalam and Badulla in January, February and March, there is a fling in the price during these months.Marketing cost and Margins. Marketing costs are the actual expenses required for bringing potato from farm gate to the consumers. It includes the following handling charges at local pointsAssembling chargesTransportation costsHandling charges by wholesalers and retailer to consumersExpenses on secondary services like financing, risk taking and marketIntelligenceProfit margins taken out by different agencies.The marketing margins of potato are the difference between the actual price paid by the consumer and the price received by farmer for an equivalent quantity and quality of potato.Imports of Potatoes. It is leading question for the farmers, while it is leading solution for the consumers. The Table 1 has shown the potato imports in Sri Lanka, from 1994 to year 2009. The quantity of imports, during the last 30 years had increased considerably. However, imports have rapidly increased the period of last ten years in 1997 to 200711. This was mainly due to the removing of import restriction of potatoes, under the liberalization of agricultural markets. Further, the value of the imports and unit prices of potatoes (CIF) has significantly increased, while, the rising trend of quantities, CIF prices and total vales are continued in past few years. Therefore, an increasing trend of all these import variables is key dilemma of the local potato production and marketing system.Prices, Price trends and Developments. The prices of potato are the key issue in the system of production and marketing. The three levels in producer prices, wholesale prices and retail prices are most influential matter for the farmers, traders and consumers. The general trend of prices has shown that the prices have gone up, with extensively fluctuations by weekly, monthly and annually. The rising tendency of wholesale and retail prices is the most common features of the marketing syste m. The Figure 6 and 7 adequately gives details on the behavior and patterns of the average wholesale and retail prices of potato in Colombo and suburbs markets in last 12 years.CHAPTER FOURresults and AnalysisThis chapter includes presentation and analysis of research data in an empirical way in order to enhance the quality of the research report. twain primary and secondary data were used for the analysis and presentation.ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE head word 01Figure 5.1As per the Figure 5.1, 52% of the respondents are strongly disagree with the bid that the government support is satisfactory for the potato cultivation while 40% are disagree with the statement.Question 02Figure 5.272% of the participants do not recollect that the potato will become one of the main crops in Sri Lanka in near future.Question 03Figure 5.3As per Figure 5.3, most of the respondents do not like importing potatoes from other countries.Question 04Figure 5.4According to the graph above, 24 respondents out of 25 are not satisfied with the support presumption by the whole sellers and the intermediates.Question 05Figure 5.588 % of the respondents say that the research and development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka.Question 06Figure 5.660 % of the respondents have strongly stated that they are not satisfied with the profit they gain by the potato cultivation, while another 36 % of the respondents are also disagree with the statement. Only 04 % of the respondents are satisfied with the income they gain.Question 07Figure 5.7All respondents say that they face many difficulties at the marketing exemplify (17 respondents out of 25 are strongly agree with the statement while other 08 are also agree with the statement.)Question 08Figure 5.8As per the above Figure, 96 % of the respondents do not agree with the statement that quality of the imported potatoes is better than Sri Lankan potatoes.Question 09Figure 5.922 respondents out of 25 do not believe that the customers are willing to buy imported potatoes rather than buying Sri Lankan potatoes and only 03 respondents are agree with the statement.Question 10Figure 5.10All 25 respondents are strongly agreed that the high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEM IN SRI LANKAIn addition to the analyzing of both primary and secondary data as mentioned in above, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was carried out to address the weaknesses and to arrest the treats in view of eliminating the stagnation in potato production and marketing in Sri Lanka and following are found.Strengths at Glance on Potato Production and Marketing System.Production possibilities and potentialities are tremendous in the country.Production directly effects on the increase of farmers incomesReduction of imports on potato leads to favorable situation on balance of payments and may increasing the trend of production.An increase of production has reduces the level of malnutrition.Potential benefits and advantageous are very immense in many.Existing institutions mechanisms can be used for improvements.Potato farmers are organized, targets oriented and group specifics.Low dependency of international markets increased the food security. minuscule farmers income may increase and the marketing system may also improve.Weaknesses at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System.There are no comparative advantages for potato productionLow production and productivity are discouraged the farming system.Lands and soil degradation are leading factors for the decisions.Substantial importations of potato are reducing the farm incomes.Government has not clear policy for the imports of potatoesHigh Cost of Production are discouraged the farmers.There are wide gap between potential level and farmer yieldsUnavailability of quality seeds is major troubles.La ck of allocation for research and extension servicesPost-harvest loss is high and no proper storage facilities.Higher marketing cost has reduced the share of farmers incomes.Fluctuation of production and prices collapse the marketing systemFarmers infrastructure facilities are need to be improved, farms roads etc.Threats at Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System.Inadequate availability of high yielding varieties is major threats.Inadequate technology transfer at village level farms. silly soil fertility management has reduced the productivity.A high incidence of pest diseases has increase the risk of crop.Insufficient farm mechanization has reduced farming efficiency.Lacks of farmer group activities have reduced strengthen of farming communities.Due to the Poor and lack of processing facilities and agro- based industries, farmers have no alternative choices to sales.Land extent is highly responsive for quantity of imports.Liberalization trade has reduced the belt along o f growth.Potato production would be disappear, due to the economic globalizationsChanges of tariff (duty) rates decrease the stability of productionInconsistency of the government policies reduces the efficiency of production marketing, while increasing risk of investment.Opportunities At Glance on Potato Production And Marketing System.Potentiality of the use of modern crop technology (Research and Development) is high for potatoes and there are more possibilities to minimize post-harvest lossesThere are more possibilities to increase of value added productsPotato is an instrument for the transformation of the farmers from subsistence to commercial level farming.Abilities of poverty alleviation and capability of the earring higher incomes of the potato production is very high.Potato is an essential food items in normal Sri Lankan diets and the demand and per capita consumption can be improved.Being a short duration crop, it produces more quantity of dry matter, edible energy and e dible protein in lesser duration of time than cereals like rice/ wheatPotato may prove to be a useful tool to achieve the nutritional security with the food security of the nations.Production can be self-sufficient in terms of local requirements.6. As per the data analyzed above, the hypothesis which is stated in Chapter Two is proven and acceptable. It is now proven that since the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potato, the local farmers are facing many difficulties when they tryto market their products.CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSIONThis chapter is the most important part of the research since this chapter consists with the conclusion on research findings and recommendations for future researches. The main objective of this chapter is to present the results based on research finding.In conclusion, it is better to look keister the objectives stated in the first chapter and determine whether this research has met its objectives. At the final stage of this research study, I w ould like to sum up my conclusion stating that the research has met all its objectives to a greater extent.In general, the conclusion of this paper is neither particularly optimistic nor particularly pessimistic. During the research, it was found that there are many obstacles and problems, but also many opportunities and potentialities in improving the production and marketing of potatoes in Sri Lanka. The key problem is that the imported potatoes are cheaper than the domestic potatoes and local consumers reportedly prefer the potatoes grown in upcountry areas. Since quantities of local production and prices of potatoes specially, farm gate, wholesale and retail prices, are highly fluctuating within a year much and it is highly depend on these cheaper import prices and the import quantities. Hence there is a huge impact on the local production and marketing system by the imported potatoes. In the process of interviewing potato farmers during the research study, it was highlighted t hat there are some economic and political impacts also for the potato production and marketing of Sri Lanka.During the research, it was found that the quality of the imported potatoes is lesser than the domestic production. Hence most of the consumers are not willing to buy imported potatoes and they have the preference on the local production. But due to lesser supply of local production consumers are compelled to buy imported potatoes. This has been proved in fingerbreadth 4.8 and figure 4.9.Further it could be seen that the research development facilities should be improved for the development of potato production in Sri Lanka and it is proved in figure 4.5 in chapter 04. As per the figure 4.10, high cost of cultivation is the main reason for decreasing the potato production in Sri Lanka.MARKETING CONSTRAINTSIt was highlighted that the local farmers face many difficulties at the marketing stage and it is stated in figure 4.7 in Chapter Four. Following are the main marketing con straints faced by the local farmers.High Marketing Costs Margins. Transaction cost of marketing is high. There is a need for promoting producers cooperativeness and some other trader organizations in potato growing areas to reduce the price gap between growers and consumers. As per the figure 4.4, a minimum support is given to farmers by the whole sellers and the intermediates.Wide Price Fluctuations. The major potato growing areas should arrange advance forecasting of area under potato and plan to divert the potatoes to the deficient areas or consumers areas by sending to avoid glut situations and price crashes in the markets.Bottlenecks in Storage Facilities. There are no cold storages facilities in the country used for potato storage and

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics Committee

Nursing Reflective Essay on Ethics CommitteeLOVISE GEORGEEXPERIENCE IN THE VIRTUAL ethics COMMITTEESReflective Critique MethodAs a part of our course, we should engage with six ethics mission. I receive attended six ethics mission which has profoundly changed my experience in Teesside University. This reflective essay will use Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) and explain some of my experience in the ethics committee and how I managed in certain situation. I am concentrating on particular aspect participant information tab.The incident occurred during my first ethics committee which I was due to delivery about my topic participant information bed sheet. I felt so miserable during at the time, this was my first experience to attend in this session so I have no much knowledge about inquiry topics and terminologies .I thought that participant information sheet means it includes just now the participant information and we should write about all details about participant details. My t ask was to declaim about participant information sheet, looking at how this important for researcher what are the criteria should be included in information sheet .When I started to speak about my topic I become so tensed and I am non able to convey my ideas to early(a) particles. I stumbled with my first sentence so I could not able to complete my incloseation .I felt shy and ashamed about my ability to speak to other members, but I felt so sad towards me and trying not to cry. When the class was finished immediately I left the class room and did not speak to anyone. I realized that have no confidence to speak in front of my colleagues and tutors about my subject. Totally I attended six ethics committee, when I was attended last committee my knowledge level change magnitude and got a clear picture about my topic and now I knew as a researcher this information sheet is very essential to steer their study and without information sheet so-and-so not conduct a research. Now I feel more(prenominal) confidence to speak and I thunder mug stick my opinion.When I attended ethics committee, I had both slap-up and bad experience. While I am a member of ethics committee, helped me to divulge some new ideas and analyzed and interpret individually and every matter we discuss in the committee .Before I joining ethics committee I am always feel shy and introverted in social life, but once I actively joined with the ethics committee I become more extroverted and learned how to express my ideas according to my goals. It is clearly evidence in social participitation theory (Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux 2008) and helped me to how introverted person can be extroverted or social being. Then started referred different book, journals and even learn to browse internet to get a suitable point and skills to make me more confidence and accurate .The bad experience about committee, even if I prepared well with best of my knowledge, even then also while discussing with others they dark have different ideas or views that make me confused weather my points were right or wrong .Hence I still I have confusion in terms in philosophical paradigm and hypothesis.The situation was made good in my own research final cause and helped me to increase my knowledge about my address topic. Knowledge and experience can make the researcher could perform more accurate and successful.(Verburg Andriessen,2011) To me as a learner this knowledge is essential for my research proposal and can prepare a good project. When I started to attended the first committee I thought in research Participant information sheet is not much important role just we should invite the participants to take part in our research study .But now recognized without information sheet the research proposal is invalid and all information regarding the participant details will be handled in confidence. I can make a good research which I collected from information sheet. I got all sort of different necessary information from each sheet and I am convinced(p) that I can design a better quality research proposal as a part of my research.Each and every participant, who became a member in the research team, should have the aware about their rights and also very important to ensure their safety and dignity. There are six ethical principles can use to protect their participants from harm (ICN, 2003).However there are three rights for every researcher who actively involve in research privacy, safety and dignity. It is important to take hold the confidentiality which we get through participant information sheet. As a researcher every one must keep the anonymity without revealing their names. Its a protocol to keep the patient details recorded in appropriate manner and it should be separated in different file with proper give chase and it must be in their cupboard or cabinet which is only accessible to authorized person. It is very essential to respect and keep the dignity for each and every person. While conducting any research, its necessary to explain about the purpose and reason for conducting particular research to every participantIn retrospect, I am planning to do many things in different way. I have been more confidence and should be more proactive myself. I have discussed to the ethics committee members as soon as finishing the committee and I can contribute my opinion. However I learned from the incident is I should be more courage and I have to maintain a good relation with our supervisor in the coming weeks, so that I could do in a best way in committee.In future, I would ensure I will be more confident about research proposal either in qualitive or quanitive, especially in my particular aspect information sheet. I am studying alongside with different teachers during my course, and I will speak about my nervous. I have already personal tutors and I have communication with her, and she helped me a lot to achieve my goal and how to present very well in future, so that I do not feel so nervous. I also want to share with my colleagues about my feelings and I think it will help to study from them.For training purpose I focused to attend in seminar when they were conducting in Teesside University and I want to achieve more confidence and this is the good method to improve my presentation skill.This reflective essay enhanced my level of thinking, knowledge and understanding its importance, had improved with use of reflective ensample .My competence level has also developed especially the ability to do my presentation in best way to begin.REFERENCESParahoo, k. (2006) Nursing Research. Principles, process and issues.2nd ed .Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan.Corti, L., Day, A. Backhouse, G. (2000) Confidentiality and advised Consent Issues for Consideration in the preservation of and provision of Access to Qualitative Data Archives. Forum Qualitative Social Research.1 (3) p2-4.Tolich, M.(2009)The principle of cavet emptor confidentiality and informed try for as endemicethical dilemmas in focus group research. Journal of bioethical inquiry.6 (1) p99-108.Knowledge sharing, Personality Traits and diversity. Available at http//www.lindenwood.edu/mwr2p/docs/Amayah.(Accessed 5.5.14)Reserach ethics policy Participiant safety and wellbeing. Available at http //www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/other/gov-ethics.(Accessed 2.5.14)

Jarroc as a Betrayer Essay example -- Star Trek Defecting Essays Paper

Jarroc as a Betrayer Defection is a word which Americans have been taught to fear,from the days of Joseph McCarthy to Moscow on the Hudson. In our collectiveconsciousness, we viewed defectors as both fascinating and repellent. Defectorsfrom outside theconvivial aloneied sphere of North America and Western Europe--persons fromthose Communist places, especially--served a recyclable purpose because ofwhat inside knowledge they held, and at the same time frightened usbecause they carried the taint of the traitor, and the strange, coldforeignness of the other side. The other side, if not monitored nearly, was coming to bomb us all, and break the world as we knew it. Defectors from the United States, on the other hand, had noredeeming qualities. They were those who had sold their own souls,traitors agreeing to spill the closely guarded secrets which would keepus safe from the Enemy to the enemies themselves By the nature of theact, defection was inexorably intertwined with national betrayal.(I use the terms betrayer and traitor interchangeably, since they argonsynonymous in meaning. A traitor is one who has betrayed.) Americandefectors were the worst possible kinds of criminals, and worthyrecipients of the death penalty. barely then, as now and in all times, there are a myriad of contextsin which any given situation can be considered and defection, like mostthings, is a crime to virtually and an honorable act of conscience toothers.Who is the ultimate judge of such actions? What determines whichcontext the acts truly fall in? During the Cold War, when a Sovietdefected, it was viewed very other than by officials in his own countrythan it was here. In the U.S.S.R, he... ... itfor nothing, he whispers bitterly. My home, my family....all fornothing. (12/30/89) Jarroc commits suicide rather than live with thepain of this stigma. Is Jarroc then a hero, or a defector-betrayer? He must necessarilybe both. There is no sidestepping the role in which Romulan history willpigeonhole him, and no denying the reasons they have to do so. Yet amongthose persons in the Federation who knew his true reasons for divulgingthe information, he was a man of great courage. As Jarroc himself noted,One worlds butcher is another worlds hero. The same thing could alsobe said of the defector. Works Cited Smith, Greg. Interchange on The Defector. Interchange. 30 January1996.Rogets II The New Thesaurus. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1988..The Defector. Star Trek The Next Generation. Season 3, Episode58.

Childhood and Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essa

Childhood and Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Holden Caulfield sees childhood as the ideal state of being. He thinks adulthood is filled with corrupt people. The only way anyone can win in the adult world is if the cards argon stacked in his favor. The characters in The Catcher in the Rye play a diverse set of roles in the war between childhood and adulthood. Children do non think of appearances in truth highly, but in order to be respected in the adult world you must always realise your best. Holden did not care what people thought about him as long as he felt good. He would wear his red hunting cap retrospective (p. 18). He also would have his hair cut crew cut style, which is thought of as a kids haircut. Ackley is the absolute extreme of not just looking, risky but he also had terrible hygiene. He had mossy yellow teeth from not brushing them and bad acne(p.19). Adults always hide their imperfections to make themselves look good, but many ar e as Holden calls them, secret slobs (p. 27). Stradlater is a perfect example of this. He always shaves twice but never cleans his razor (p. 27). He will spend forever making sure his hair is perfect and all his clothes look just right. Sunny, the prostitute, bleaches her hair and dresses up nice to satisfactory into the adult world (p.95). Mrs. Antolini, a married women, needs to look good when she goes out in public. The night Holden crashes there for a while, she looks terrible without her make-up and with rollers in her hair (p. 185). All that matters is she looks good by societys standards so she can be accepted into the adult world. Children live on lasting compassionate memories, while adults go for empty sexual conquests. Holde... ... living. Mr. Antolini gets through to Holden a little better but is unable to keep his attention (p 181). Carl Luce is just a few years one-time(a) than Holden and basically tells him he is immature and will always be the same (p. 136).Kids really want things to stay the same while adults want things to change and go up quicker than they should. Holden seems to be the only one fighting this war. When he makes an adult decision he always gets sick. When someone he loves makes an adult decision Holden gets very mad. The more he tries to keep kids from turning into adults the more depressed he becomes. As he goes crazy, life will become hell for him. Childhood prolonged, cannot carry on a fairyland. It becomes a hell (Louise Bogan). Work Cited Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston Little, Brown, 1991.

Essay --

Les Suffragettes taient une organisation cre pour donnent les femmes le droit de vote au Royaume-Uni. Il a commenc par Emmeline Pankhurst en 1903. Lorganisation a t cre pour faire comprendre aux gens que les droits entre les hommes et les femmes ntaient pas gaux.Avant ce mouvement den 1903, les femmes ont cr la National Union of Womens Suffrage . La National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies , qui a t fonde en 1897, a t dirige par Millicent Fawcett. Elle croyait en une campagne pacifique et lgale. Elles nont choses comme distribuer diethylstilbestrol tracts, organiser des runions, et aussi prsenter des ptitions. Cependant, cette campagne navait pas beaucoup deffet. Et cest pour cette raison que les femmes ont commenc le mouvement radical, la Womens Social and Political Union , mieux connu comme les suffragettes .Emmeline Pankhurst pense que pour le mouvement russir, elles doivent tre radicales et militant de ce quelles voulaient. Cela a caus plusieurs manifestations violentes travers le monde. Les femmes ont commenc mettre le feu aux bot...